Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MB351 > Lecture 36/37/38 Epidemiology > Flashcards

Lecture 36/37/38 Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population and the application of this study in the control of health problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do epidemiologists do?

A

trace the spread of disease to identify its origin and mode of transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What types of data do epidemiologists collect on populations?

A

demographics, symptoms, history, animal vector data, medical records, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When did epidemiology start?

A

mid-1880s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

“Savior of Mothers”; implemented handwashing wtih chlorinated lime solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

nurse and statistician; sent to Ukraine to report conditions of infection during the war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

John Snow

A

“Father of Epidemiology”; british physician in the 1850s that pioneered epidemiological investigations and disease mapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why were Nightingale’s Rose diagrams significant?

A

provided a visual that was easier to understand than charts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Epidemic

A

when as disease occurs in an unusually high number of individuals in a population at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did John Snow do in the 1850s?

A

traced the source of an outbreak of Cholera to a water pump on Broad St.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where there other people investigating this cholera outbreak at the same time?

A

Yes; for example, Edmund Cooper and the British Empire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endemic

A

normal rates of disease that is expected in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Endemic Disease

A

constantly present, occurs at a steady low frequency with predictable changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Epidemic Disease

A

sudden increase in occurrence of disease above expencted levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Example of an endemic disease

A

the common cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Example of an epidemic disease

A

cholera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pandemic disease

A

increase in a disease through large populations and across continents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Example of a pandemic disease

A

plague, AIDS, covid-19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Significance of understanding the chain of infection

A

helps us develop strategies to prevent further infection and to control disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A

1) the pathogen
2) source of pathogen
3) transmission to host
4) susceptibility of the host
5) exit from host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Etiological agent

A

the organisms that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do you use to identify the etiological agent?

A

Kock’s postualtes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Examples of biological agents of disease

A

metazoans, protozoans, fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions

24
Q

Reserviours

A

the site or natural environment where the pathogen is normally found living and from which infection can occur

25
Q

What are the two types of human reservoirs?

A

acute clinical cases and carriers

26
Q

Incubatory carriers

A

just get sick and recover

27
Q

Convalescent carriers

A

recover but still shed disease

28
Q

Chronic carriers

A

sick and shed disease

29
Q

Asymptomatic

A

no symptoms and shed disease

30
Q

True or False: there are many kinds of animal reservoirs

A

True!

31
Q

Zoonotic infection

A

infectious disease originating from animals, can be transmitted from one type of animal to another and may be transmitted to humans

32
Q

Examples of zoonotic infection

A

plague, rabies, west nile, monkeypox

33
Q

Examples of environmental reservoirs

A

plants, soil, watr

34
Q

Can you easily get rid of pathogens in environmental reserviours?

A

No!

35
Q

Direct transmission

A

an infectious agent is transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread

36
Q

Indirect transmission

A

the transfer of an infectious agent from reservoir to a host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects, or animate intermediaries

37
Q

What are animate intermediaries called?

A

vectors

38
Q

What are inanimate objects called?

A

vehicles

39
Q

What four things impact host susceptibility?

A

1) genetic factors
2) general resistance factors
3) specific acquired immunity
4) host variability (timing)

40
Q

What are five things that impact host variability?

A

1) nutrition
2) stress levels
3) physical damage to tissue
4) behavioral differences
5) environmental conditions

41
Q

What are some ways in which a pathogen can exit from a host?

A

coughing, insect bite, removal of blood, skin cells, urine, feces

42
Q

What are the Cholera Stages of Disease?

A

1) incubation period
2) prodromal period
3) period of illness
4) period of decline
5) period of convalescence

43
Q

Incubation period

A

no signs or symptoms; few hours to few days

44
Q

Prodromal period

A

mild signs/symptoms; 1-2 days if any

45
Q

Period of illness

A

disease most severe; symptoms of diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

46
Q

Period of decline

A

signs and symptoms subside; decreased diarrhea; begin response to rehydration therapy and antibiotic treatment

47
Q

Period of convalescence

A

person regains strengths and the body returns to normal; some people can become reservoirs of disease for months or even years

48
Q

Who is most at risk of contracting cholera?

A

those who do not have access to piped safe water and adequate and proper sanitation

49
Q

Period of communicabiltiy

A

the time in which an infectious disease might be transferred

50
Q

What is the period of communicability for cholera?

A

the duration of the stool-positive stage; can persist for several months

51
Q

Infective dose

A

the number of pathogens required to infect a host

52
Q

Index/primary case

A

the person who first gets the disease in a population

53
Q

Common sources for infection of cholera?

A

contaminated water, contaminated foods, vegetables fertilized with human excreta, soiled hands, fish/shellfish eaten raw

54
Q

Herd immunity

A

immunity in some individuals from vaccinations or naturally acquired can protect non-immune individuals from infection

55
Q

Host variability factors for cholera

A

1) poor sanitary conditions
2) raw or undercooked shellfish
3) reduced or nonexistent stomach acid
4) household exposure
5) type O blood

56
Q

What are three epidemic control measures for cholera in Haiti?

A

1) proper sanitation
2) sterilization of waste
3) quarantine
4) destruction of domestic animal reservoirs
5) immunization
6) public health education
7) increased accessibility to treatment

MB351 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions