Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RAD 415 > microbiology > Flashcards

microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

define prokaryote

A

a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is it important to understand microbiology

A
  • understand how diagnostic tests work
  • understand how vaccines work, communicate risk and explain why vaccines are important
  • understand rapid developments in field
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define pandemic

A

worldwide outbreak spreading of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define epidemic

A

disease outbreak that is rapidly spreading in a limited region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define endemic

A

disease belonging or native to a particular people or country
or
of a disease regularly occurring within an area or community.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define antigenic drift

A

genetic variation in viruses, arising from the accumulation of mutations in the virus genes that code for virus-surface proteins that host antibodies recognize

or

evolutionary accumulation of amino acid substitutions in viral proteins selected by host adaptive immune systems as the virus circulates in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does AMR stand for

A

anti microbial resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does ABR stand for

A

antibiotic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define antibiotic resistance

A

bacteria resistance to antibiotics due to either through a new genetic change that helps the bacterium survive, or by getting DNA from a bacterium that is already resistant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does ABR AND AMR differ

A
  • Antibiotic resistance refers to bacteria resisting antibiotics.
  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) describes the opposition of any microbe to the drugs that scientists created to kill them.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 5 main cases of infectious agents relating to communicable disease

A

viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites
prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the structure of a virus

A
  • attachement protein
  • envelope
  • capsid
  • genome (DNA/RNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the lifecycle of virus

A
  1. virus particle adheres to surface of target cell
  2. virus enters cell, protein coat dissolves, genetic material released
  3. genetic material replicates (using host cell enzymes or enzymes from virus)
  4. new virus particles are synthesised by host ribosomes
  5. new infectious vires are assembles and leave cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote cell + structure difference

A

Prokaryotes are always unicellular, while eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms.
Eukaryote are 100-10000 x larger.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are 2 ways to classify a bacteria

A
  • by shape when viewed under microscope
  • by cell wall structure using gram strain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is gram stain

A

If bacteria are present on a Gram stain slide, a medical laboratory scientist classifies them as gram-negative or gram-positive based on which color they turn under a series of stains

17
Q

what are the 4 steps of gram stain

A

Applying a primary stain (crystal violet). (60s)
Adding a mordant (Gram’s iodine) (60s)
Rapid decolorization with ethanol, acetone or a mixture of both. (5-10s)
Counterstaining with safranin (45s)

18
Q

what does it mean if the stain turns pink

A

it is Gram-negative bacteria, they have cell walls with thin layers of peptidoglycan (10% of the cell wall) and high lipid (fatty acid) content

19
Q

what does it mean if the stain turns purple

A

it is Gram-positive bacteria, they have cell walls that contain thick layers of peptidoglycan, a substance that forms the cell walls of many bacteria.

20
Q

define mould

A

multinucleated, filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (branching filaments)

21
Q

define yeast

A

unicellular (single-celled) organisms that belong to the Fungi kingdom

22
Q

what are the 2 classes of fungi

A

mould and yeast

23
Q

what is the biological definition of parasite

A

an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.

24
Q

what is the medical definition of parasite

A

dA plant or an animal organism that lives in or on another and takes its nourishment from that other organism.

25
Q

describe some features of parasites

A
  • eukaryotic
  • developed organelles
  • complex life cycle
  • metabolic process closer to human processes
26
Q

what are the 7 forms of acquisition of microbes

A
  • droplets
  • aerosol/airborne
  • oral transmission
  • direct skin contact (linked to droplets)
  • sexual transmission
  • transplacental
  • direct inoculation (e.g insect bite)
27
Q

define infection

A

invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body.

28
Q

what are the 3 steps to infection

A
  1. colonisation (multiplication/adhesion/active or passive movement)
  2. invasion and propagation (entering host cell and producing toxins)
  3. attack by immune system
29
Q

what are the 6 concepts of the chain of infection

A

infectious agent
reservoir
portal of entry
portal of exit
transmission
susceptible host

30
Q

remember its better to prevent infection in the first place than rely on antibiotics

A
31
Q

define pathobiont

A

the human body naturally contains organisms - some have the potential to cause disease

32
Q

define (human) microbiome

A

the total community of all microbes that exist in and on us

33
Q

what are 5 roles of the human microbiome

A
  1. prevent colonisation of pathogens
  2. antagonises other bacteria
  3. help digests food you eat
  4. interacts with your immune system
  5. makes useful metabolites
34
Q

microbes are restricted to certain sites of the body due to specific adaptions, presence of food, community etc

A
35
Q

where can we find microbes in the body

A

skin
upper respiratory tract (low no)
lower respiratory tract (high no)
GI tract
genital tract

36
Q

what can happen if microbes are in the blood

A

sepsis

37
Q

define pathogenic/pathogen

A

bacterium causing disease

38
Q

define commensal

A

those type of microbes that reside on either surface of the body or at mucosa without harming human health

39
Q
A

RAD 415 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions