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RAD 415 > cardiac pathology > Flashcards

cardiac pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what does CAD disease stand for

A

coronary heart disease

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2
Q

what is CAD and what can cause it

A

build of atheroma within coronary arteries making them narrow

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3
Q

causes of atheroma formation?

A
  • chronic endothelial damage
  • lipid deposition
  • smooth muscle polifeation
  • calcification eventuallyw
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4
Q

what is angina

A

not enough blood going to the heart (causing chest pain)

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5
Q

what is ischaemia

A

not enough oxygen going to heart (usually due to atheroma)

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6
Q

whats the difference between stable and unstable angina

A

stable:
- predicatioable / caused by exercise, relived by rest
- limited duration
- relived by antianginal medication
unstable:
- sudden deterioration in stable angina
- unpredictable
- needs hospital admission

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7
Q

what is myocardial infarcton

A

death of cardiac myocytes due to prolonged ischemia

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8
Q

what is acute coronary syndrome

A

clot forms on disrupted atheromatous plaque
- occulting the vessels or
- narrowing the vessel or
- shower off emboli into smaller vessels

(outcomes include unstable angina if no myocardial damage)
non STEMI if small infarct
STEMI if large infarct

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9
Q

what does STEMI/ NON STEMI stand for and what is it

A
  • Non-ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a type of heart attack in which a minor artery of the heart is completely blocked or a major artery of the heart is partially blocked.
  • It is less serious than a “classic” heart attack, known as an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
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10
Q

list some risk factors of CAD/MI

A

hypertension
high cholesterol
smoking
diabetes
obesity
inactivity
family history
age
sex

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11
Q

what are 2 types of medications used to stabilise angina

A
  1. to vasodilator or slow heart rate (e.g sublingual nitrates, beta lockers, calcium channel blockers)
  2. to reduce risk of MI (e.g anti platelet drugs, lipid lowering agents
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12
Q

what are some other ways to stabilise angina without medication

A
  • percutaneous intervention (stent) (non-surgical_
  • coronary bypass grafting
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13
Q

what does CABG stand for and what is it

A

Coronary artery bypass graft
- diverts blood around narrowed or clogged parts of the major arteries to improve blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart.

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14
Q

what is hypertension

A

persistently raised blood pressure

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15
Q

main causes of hypertension?

A

age
genetics
sex
lifestyle
obesity etc

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16
Q

what are some risks with hypertension

A
  • vessel wall damage (aneurysms, dissection, stenoses_
  • left ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of ventricle wall)
  • increased risk of MI and stroke
  • increases risk of renal disease
  • retinal disease
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17
Q

what are some medications given for hypertension

A

diuretics
ace inhibitor
calcium channel blocker
alpha/beta blockers

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18
Q

define heart failure

A

complex clinical syndrome which heart cant pump enough blood to meet the body’s requirement

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19
Q

symptoms of heart failure

A

SOB
orthopnoea
palpitations
syncope
ankle swelling

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20
Q

what does HFREF and HFPEF stand for and what are they

A
  • heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (myocardium doesnt contract adequately)
  • heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (myocardium doesnt relax adequately)
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21
Q

explain process of left ventricular failure

A
  • LV weakens and cant empty
  • decreed cardiac output to system
  • decreased renal blood flow stimulates renin-angiotensin and aldosterone secretion
  • backup blood into pulmonary vein
  • high pressure in pulmonary capillaries leads to pulmonary congestion or edema
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22
Q

explain process of right ventricular failure

A
  • RV weakens and cant empty
  • decreased cardiac output to system
  • decreased renal blood flow stimulates renin-angiotensin and aldosterone secretion
  • back up blood into systemic circulation
  • increased venous pressure results in edema in legs and liver and abdominal organs
  • very high venous pressure causes dissented neck vein and cerebral edema
23
Q

what are 4 treatments for ventricular failure

A
  • meds e.g diuretics
  • heart transplant
  • ventricular assis devices
  • ## resync pacemaler
24
Q

what is myocarditis/ heart muscle disease

A

inflammation of myocardium

25
Q

what is cardiomyopathy

A

intrinsic heart muscle disease

26
Q

what is HCM

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- abnormal myocardial thickening

27
Q

what is DCM

A

dilated cardiomyopathy
- dilated left ventricle with reduced function

28
Q

what is ARVC

A

arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
- fatty replacement of myocardium and dilated right ventricle

29
Q

what is non compaction

A

reduced left ventricular function with thin muscular layer and thick layer of trabeculations

30
Q

what are the 3 types of cardiomyopathy

A
  • peripartum/post partum (weakness of heart during pregnancy)
  • tachycardia (heart rate over 100bpm)
  • stress (broken heart syndrome)(mid and apical segments of the heart poorly function or balloon)
31
Q

what are some treatments for cardiomyopathy

A

pacemakers
transplant
medication

32
Q

what does valve disease cause

A

stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation

33
Q

what is the test used for investigating valve disease

A

echocardiogram

34
Q

what are the 2 most common valvular disorders

A
  1. aortic stenosis
  2. mitral regurgitation
35
Q

what might be some causes of aortic stenosis or mitral regurgitation

A

aortic stenosis :
- age
- bicuspid valve
- congenital heart disease
- previous rheumatic fever
mitral regurgitation :
- age
- heart failure
- MI
- previous rheumatic heart disease
- connective tissue disease

36
Q

whats the difference between laminar and turbulent blood flow through valve

A

laminar = silent (smooth)
turbulent = irregular and chaotic (murmur)

37
Q

what is infective endocarditis

A

infection of cardiovascular structures (usually due to blood pathogens)

38
Q

treatment of infection endocarditis

A
  • prolonged course of antibiotics
  • surgery (valve replacement (last resort))
39
Q

explain blood flow in foetus

A
40
Q

what do you call abnormality in intertribal septal wall development

A

atrial septal defect

41
Q

what are the treatments for atrial septal defects

A

surgery or closure device

42
Q

what are the 3 types of atrial septal defects

A
  • secundum ASD
  • primum ASD
  • sinus venous ASD
43
Q

what is a ventricular septal defect

A

communication between left and right ventricle within inter ventricular septum

44
Q

what is patent ductus arteriosus

A

extra blood vessel between aorta and pulmonary artery in babies
- excessive blood can flow into pulmonary circulation

45
Q

treatment for patent ductus arteriosus?

A

NSAIDS (non steroidal anti inflammatory drug) post birth or surgery

46
Q

what is coarctation

A

narrowing of aorta just distal to left subclavian
- issue with blood supply downstream of coarctation site

47
Q

what are treatments for coarctation

A

surgical
- stent
- resection
- graft

48
Q

what is tetralogy of fallot

A

4 abnormalities happening together
1. pulmonary stenosis
2. ventricular septal defect
3. overriding aorta
4. right ventricular hypertrophy

49
Q

what is treatment for tetralogy of fallot

A

surgical repair

50
Q

what landmark do the aorta and pulmonary trunk connect to

A

aorta = right ventricle
pulmonary trunk = left ventricle

51
Q

what is pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium
- can be caused by infection
- post MI
- malignancy
- kidney disease

52
Q

what can pericarditis cause?

A

pericardial effusion

53
Q

treatment of pericarditis?

A

usually resolves spontaneously

54
Q

what type of cardiac tumours are most common

A
  • atrial myxomas (benign growing in interracial septum)

RAD 415 (19 decks)

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