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RAD 415 > introduction to haematology > Flashcards

introduction to haematology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the haematocrit

A

red cell volume % ( of blood sample )

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2
Q

what is plasma

A

contains proteins of blood

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3
Q

what is serum

A

plasma minus the clotting factors

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4
Q

what does the Buffy coat contain

A

WBC

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5
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells

A

under the influence of different growth factors, they differentiate into different cell linesr

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6
Q

where are pluripotent stem cells found

A

in red bone marrow

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7
Q

what are reticulocytes

A

immature erythrocytes

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8
Q

what are the 6 steps of RBC genesis

A

-proethryblast
-basophil eythroblast
-polychromaatophil erthroblast
-orthochromatic erythroblast
-reticulocyte
-erythrocyte

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9
Q

reticulocytes are immature erythrocytes which can be found in higher numbers in the blood if the bone marrow increases RBC production

A
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10
Q

what is haematopoeisis

A

the process of creating a wide variety of blood and bone marrow cells, namely erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes

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11
Q

What does EPO stand for and what is it

A

erythropoietin
Erythropoietin is a hormone that your kidneys naturally make to stimulate the production of red blood cells.

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12
Q

what does EPO do in response to hypoxia (lack of oxygen in tissue)

A

EPO stimulates haematopoeisis in response to hypoxia

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13
Q

EPO can be given to patients with renal disease

A
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14
Q

how can an athete increase athletic performance without using synthetic EPO

A

train at altitudes to increase their endogenous EPO production

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15
Q

what is the haeme group

A

molecule that allows binding of oxygen

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16
Q

what is haemoglobin role

A

carry oxygen
(but can buffer substances e.g co2)

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17
Q

what position in haemoglobin is the iron ion situatioed

A

at the centre of our haeme rings

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18
Q

describe how the shape of the red blood cell is advatageous

A
  • red cell can fold to a fraction of its size inside capillary
  • biconcave shape increase SA for exchange of gases
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19
Q

defects in red cell membrane can lead to early destruction of the RBC

A
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20
Q

what organ removes damage red blood cells and recycles constituents

A

spleen sometimes liver (breakdown by macrophages in spleen/liver)

21
Q

what products of haemoglobin are recycled

A
  • globin (protein)
  • heame ( contains iron and bile pigments)
22
Q

what can be some issues of RBC

A
  • failure to absorb/retain iron
  • defects in globin synthesis (sickle cell)
  • defects in cell membrane
  • defects in cell metabolism
  • red cell infections
  • autoimmunity
23
Q

what is haemoglobin broken down into and what can happen if this product cannot be removed

A

bilirubin
- if biliary system cant remove it then you will get jaundiced

24
Q

where is bilirubin excreted

A

in bile

25
Q

how can you identify iron deficiency anemia in elderly ppl

A
  • can be due to cancer and a ‘top and tail’ OGD and colonoscopy is recommended
  • might not be possible for elderly so CT Colonoscopy
  • patients have bowel prep and colon inflated
  • gastrograffin contrast swallowed to reduce motion artefact
26
Q

what is a capsule endoscopy

A

small camera is swallowed and passed thru GI tract
(may form part of pre-MRI checklist)

27
Q

what is sickle cell

A

The term “sickle cell disease” applies to all patients who have two abnormal beta chains. The resultant haemoglobin molecules tend to clump together into long polymers, making the red blood cell (RBC) elongated (sickle-shaped), rigid and unable to deform appropriately when passing through small vessels, resulting in vascular occlusion (blockage)

28
Q

what is osteocrenosis and what can cause this

A

occurs when part of the bone does not get blood flow and dies
sickle cell disease

29
Q

what is rhesus incompatibility

A

refers to the discordant pairing of maternal and fetal Rh types (RBC protein)

30
Q

what is ABO incompatibility

A

different blood types cannot be exchanged as immune system will react

31
Q

what happens to donated red blood cells

A

they get washed of plasma and dont have antibodies in them

32
Q

typically patients will only make antibodies against antigens they dont have unless they are SENSITISED

A
33
Q

what is one way to avoid sensitisation of mother to their foeus

A

to give negative blood ( O negative blood)

34
Q

what is sensitisation in blood of pregnant mother

A

when a woman with RhD negative blood is exposed to RhD positive blood, usually during a previous pregnancy with an RhD positive baby. The woman’s body responds to the RhD positive blood by producing antibodies (infection-fighting molecules) that recognise the foreign blood cells and destroy them.

35
Q

what is haemostasis

A

blood clotting in response to injury

36
Q

what are the 3 phases of haemostasis

A
  1. primary haemostasis (platelet plus and vasoconstriction)
  2. secondary haemostasis (fibrin cross-meshing)
  3. clot resolution (resumption of blood flow)
37
Q

exposure of what protein can activate platelets and cause platelet plug in haemostasis

A

collagen

38
Q

what 2 things are needed for thrombosis (blood clots)

A

platelets and clotting factors

39
Q

where are the platelets and clotting factors formed

A

platelets in bone marrow
clotting factor in liver

40
Q

how are clots broken down

A
  • endogenously produced plasminogen (when activated) converted into plasmin
  • plasmin breast down fibrin mesh and makes ‘ fibrin degradation products ‘
41
Q

what is virchows triad

A

describes factors that make thrombosis

42
Q

what are the 3 components of virchows triad

A

stasis of blood flow
endothelial injury
hyper coagulability

43
Q

how are bleeding problems pharmacologically induced

A
  • anti platelet agents e.g aspirin stop primary haematostasis
  • anticoagulants e.g warfarin stop secondary haematostasis
  • clot resolution (resuming of blood flow) enhanced with tissue plasminogen activator
44
Q

what can be given as a clot busting drug in emergencies

A

tissue plasminogen activator

45
Q

why is tissue plasminogen activator only used in emergencies

A

risk of bleeding is high with these drugs

46
Q

what is the lifespan of platelets

A

7-10 days

47
Q

what can warfarin (anticoagulation drug) be reversed with

A

vitamin K

48
Q

what are 3 reasons to stop anticoagulation/antiplatelet medication dependant one

A
  1. expected bleeding
  2. reason for anticoagulation
  3. if procedure can be delayed

RAD 415 (19 decks)

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