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RAD 415 > metabolism > Flashcards

metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

the pancreas not only an aid to digestion but an endocrine gland

A
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2
Q

what 3 enzymes does the pancreas form

A

protease
lipase
amylase

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3
Q

what do you call the clusters of cells of the endocrine function of pancreas

A

islets of langerhan

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4
Q

what do the cells of the endocrine, alpha and beta produce

A

alpha secretes glucagon
beta secretes insuline

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5
Q

how do the alpha/beta cells work to increase/decrease blood glucose
// look at iPad screen shot for more detail

A

alpha cells raise blood glucose ny secreting glucagon

  • beta cells detect high glucose conc in blood plasma and secrete insulin lowering blood glucose
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6
Q

what do delta cells secrete

A

somatostatin

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7
Q

what can be done when there is hyperkalaemia

A

stimulation of sodium potassium ATP dives potassium from blood into cells

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8
Q

how do beta cells sense blood glucose and release insuline

A
  • glucose diffuses through GLUT2 receptor
  • glucose is used in respiration for ATP production in cell
  • increase ATP:ADP ratio closes potassium channel causing depolarisation
  • stimulates ca2+ channel opening
  • ca2+ activates insulin gene expression and also causes exocytosis of stored insulin
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9
Q

insulin can also stimulate gluconeogenesis
- metabolic process by which glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate sources, such as lactate, amino acids, and glycerol.

A
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10
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

glucagon stimulates the conversion of stored glycogen (stored in the liver) to glucose, which can be released into the bloodstream.

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11
Q

how does insulin work to lower blood glucose

A

When you take insulin, it helps to move glucose out of your bloodstream and into cells. Your cells use some of that sugar for energy and then store any leftover sugar in your fat, muscles, and liver for later.

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12
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

the pancreas does not make insulin, because the body’s immune system attacks the islet cells in the pancreas that make insulin

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13
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin to function properly, or the body’s cells don’t react to insulin. This means glucose stays in the blood and isn’t used as fuel for energy. Type 2 diabetes is often associated with obesity and tends to be diagnosed in older people.

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14
Q

what can happen to haemoglobin that has been exposed to high concentrations of glucose

A

they can become glycated

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15
Q

what is HbA1c

A

glycated haemoglobin

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16
Q

what are the 3 diagnosis tests of diabetes

A

2hr glucose
fasting glucose
HbA1

17
Q

what is hypoglycaemia

A

very low blood sugar (can be induced by incorrect insulin dose)

18
Q

what are some treatments for hypoglycaemia

A

high glucose drinks/tablets
IV glucose
intramuscular glucagon

19
Q

what is DKA

A

diabetic ketones acidosis
- severely low insulin levels meaning blood sugar cant enter cells for for energy

20
Q

in DKA, it prevents glucose entering cells leading to what disease ?

A

hyperglycaemia

21
Q

what can cells in type 1 diabetes undergo (linked to DKA)

A
  • cells can undergo lipolysis (fat breakdown) leading to production of ketones
  • ketones can lead to acidosis in blood
22
Q

Diabetes is a multi-system disorder

A
23
Q

what specific form of neuropathy can diabetes bring about

A

glove and stocking (metabolic abnormality causes failure of protein synthesis and axonal transport, resulting in degeneration of distal regions of axons) (resulting in numbness and weakness)

24
Q

what is vasculopathy

A

occurs when a thrombus forms in the arterial lumen leading to compromised blood flow.

25
Q

what disease/illness are linked to vasculopathy

A

MI/agina
stroke
peripheral arterial disease
blindness
nephropathy+UTI

26
Q

what medication is given to type 1 diabetics

A

insulin
(basal bolus is common regime)

27
Q

medications in type 2 diabetes

A
  • metformin
  • insulin (mixed regime)
28
Q

IV contrast can worsen renal function leading to the accumulation of metformin and risk lactic acidosis

A
29
Q

majority of imaging as a result of diabetes is to assess complications

A
30
Q

why is the foot prone to infection

A

Raised blood glucose levels, also known as blood sugar, can damage the sensation in your feet
- less sensation = easier to break skin
- poor circulation = difficult to deliver WBC or meds
- glucose in blood can predispose bacterial growth (yeast)

31
Q

what is osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone/bone marrow
- early signs are marrow oedema
(MRI imaging)

32
Q

which medication is to be avoided with contrast

A

metformin (causes renal failure)

RAD 415 (19 decks)

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