Week 1 Pre-Class Learning: Glucose Regulation - Hyperglycemia Flashcards
Review of glucose regulation diagram
Which hormones increase blood glucose? (4)
- Epinephrine
- Cortisol
- Growth Hormone
- Glucagon
These are counter-regulatory, meaning they oppose insulin
Which hormones decrease blood glucose? (2)
- GLP 1 (glucagon like peptide 1)
- Insulin
GLP 1 is in the gut and secreted when we eat
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus 1 and 2 diagram
What are the 3 goals of treatment for hyperglycemia?
- Manage the symptoms
- Prevent long-term complications
- Manage euglycemia and glucose regulation
What are symptoms of acute hyperglycemia? (7)
- Polyuria
- polydipsia
- polyphagia
- glucosuria
- weight gain or loss
- extremely tired
- blurred vision
In chronic hyperglycemia, what are the effects of elevated sugars on the blood vessels overtime? (3)
- Thickens basement membranes
- Glucose toxicity
- Chronic ischemia and micro ischemia
Diabetes complications on the body diagram
What are the 3 microvascular complications of diabetes?
- Eye
- Kidney
- Neuropathy
What are the 3 Macrovascular complications of diabetes?
- Brain
- Heart
- Extremities
How does diabetes affect the eyes? (2)
- High blood glucose and blood pressure can damage eye vessels
- causes retinopathy, cataracts and glaucoma
How does diabetes affect the kidneys? (2)
- High blood pressure damages small blood vessels
- excess blood glucose overworks the kidneys, resulting in nephropathy
How does diabetes affect neuropathy? (3)
- damages nerves in the peripheral nervous system
- may result in pain and/or numbness
- feet wounds may go undetected, infected and lead to gangrene
How does diabetes affect the brain?
- Increases risk of stroke and cerebrovascular disease, including transient ischemic attack, cognitive impairment, etc.
How does diabetes affect the heart?
- High blood pressure and resistance increase risk of coronary heart disease