Week 1 Pre-Class Learning: Glucose Regulation - Hyperglycemia Flashcards

1
Q

Review of glucose regulation diagram

A
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2
Q

Which hormones increase blood glucose? (4)

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Cortisol
  • Growth Hormone
  • Glucagon

These are counter-regulatory, meaning they oppose insulin

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3
Q

Which hormones decrease blood glucose? (2)

A
  • GLP 1 (glucagon like peptide 1)
  • Insulin

GLP 1 is in the gut and secreted when we eat

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4
Q

Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus 1 and 2 diagram

A
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5
Q

What are the 3 goals of treatment for hyperglycemia?

A
  1. Manage the symptoms
  2. Prevent long-term complications
  3. Manage euglycemia and glucose regulation
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6
Q

What are symptoms of acute hyperglycemia? (7)

A
  • Polyuria
  • polydipsia
  • polyphagia
  • glucosuria
  • weight gain or loss
  • extremely tired
  • blurred vision
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7
Q

In chronic hyperglycemia, what are the effects of elevated sugars on the blood vessels overtime? (3)

A
  1. Thickens basement membranes
  2. Glucose toxicity
  3. Chronic ischemia and micro ischemia
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8
Q

Diabetes complications on the body diagram

A
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9
Q

What are the 3 microvascular complications of diabetes?

A
  1. Eye
  2. Kidney
  3. Neuropathy
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10
Q

What are the 3 Macrovascular complications of diabetes?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Heart
  3. Extremities
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11
Q

How does diabetes affect the eyes? (2)

A
  • High blood glucose and blood pressure can damage eye vessels
  • causes retinopathy, cataracts and glaucoma
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12
Q

How does diabetes affect the kidneys? (2)

A
  • High blood pressure damages small blood vessels
  • excess blood glucose overworks the kidneys, resulting in nephropathy
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13
Q

How does diabetes affect neuropathy? (3)

A
  • damages nerves in the peripheral nervous system
  • may result in pain and/or numbness
  • feet wounds may go undetected, infected and lead to gangrene
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14
Q

How does diabetes affect the brain?

A
  • Increases risk of stroke and cerebrovascular disease, including transient ischemic attack, cognitive impairment, etc.
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15
Q

How does diabetes affect the heart?

A
  • High blood pressure and resistance increase risk of coronary heart disease
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16
Q

How does diabetes affect extremities? (3)

A
  • PVD results from narrowing of blood vessels
  • Increases risk for reduced or lack of blood flow in legs
  • Feet wounds are likely to heal slowly, contributing to gangrene and other complications