Week 2 Pre-Learning: GI Tract - GERD, Hiatal Hernia, Esophageal Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are some complications that may occur in the upper GI? (6)

A
  • GERD
  • Hiatal Hernia
  • GI Bleeding
  • Esophageal cancer
  • Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
  • Gastritis
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2
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

A
  • a condition where gastric contents move into the esophagus, creating the sensation of heartburn and/or esophagitis
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3
Q

What can GERD be caused by? (5)

A
  • weak of incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
  • Hiatal hernia
  • Impaired esophageal motility
  • Increased abdominal pressure
  • Delayed gastric emptying
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4
Q

What are two common symptoms of GERD?

A
  • heartburn (pyrosis)
  • Regurgitation
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5
Q

What is pyrosis? (3)

A
  • heartburn
  • Burning/tight sensation felt intermittently beneath lower sternum and spread to throat/jaw
  • occurs 30-60 mins after meal and worse when bending at night
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6
Q

What is regurgitation? (2)

A
  • Effortless return of gastric contents
  • Often described as hot bitter or sour liquid
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7
Q

What are respiratory symptoms of GERD?

A
  • aspiration of stomach contents can can cause wheezing, coughing, and dyspnea
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8
Q

What are chronic complications of GERD? (3)

A

With ongoing esophagitis:
1) Ulceration and bleeding
2) Esophageal structure: narrowing of esophagus caused by scar tissue formation (leads to dysphagis)
3) Barrett’s esophagus

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9
Q

What is Barrett’s esophagus? (2)

A
  • replacement of esophageal stratified squamous epithelium with simple columnar epithelium (like stomach/intestine)
  • 10% of patients with Barrett’s will develop esophageal cancer
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10
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A
  • Herniation of a portion of the stomach into the esophagus through an opening in the diaphragm
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11
Q

What are the contributing factors to developing a hiatal hernia? (2)

A
  • weakening in the diaphragm around esophogastric opening
  • increase in intra-abdominal pressure (obesity, pregnancy, ascites, tumours, heavy lifting)
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12
Q

What are symptoms of a hiatal hernia? (2)

A
  • similar to GERD
  • often occur when supine, after a large meal, and with smoking/alcohol

usually detected through imaging

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of esophageal cancer? (6)

A
  • asymptomatic (early)
  • Dysphagia (first with meat, then soft foods, then liquids)
  • Neck pain
  • sore throat
  • Weight loss
  • bleeding (complication)
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14
Q
A
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