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Zoology > ch18 > Flashcards

ch18 Flashcards

1
Q

Darwin’s Observation

A

Geographic distinction of organisms
Galápagos Islands (finches and tortoises)

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2
Q

Darwin vs Lamarck

A

Lamarck - giraffes stretched their necks from short to long

Darwin - both short and long necks, natural selection favored long necks (more resources)

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3
Q

Natural Selection

A

1) Organisms have heritable traits
2) Competition of resources
3) Individuals vary with reproductive success
4) Organisms may adapt with environmental change

Variation through genes

Competition, Fitness, and Adaptation

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4
Q

Fossil Evidence

A

Transitional species preserved

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5
Q

Anatomical Evidence

A

Homologous, Analogous, and Vestigial structures

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6
Q

Homologous structure

A

Inherited from common ancestor

Ex: Vertebrate forelimb

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7
Q

Analogous structure

A

Originated individually (over many times)

Ex: Wings

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8
Q

Vestigial structure

A

Important to ancestor and remains in derived species

Ex: Pelvic bone in whales and snakes

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9
Q

Biochemical evidence

A

All organisms have DNA
DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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10
Q

Biogeographical Evidence

A

Similar global strata
Evidence of Pangea

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11
Q

Misconceptions of Evolution

A

1) Evolution is just a theory
2) Individuals in a population evolve
3) Evolution is a theory tied to origin of life
4) Transitional fossils remain unknown
5) Organisms evolve on purpose
6) Random chance alone guides evolution
7) Evolution is not testable
8) Humans evolve directly from apes

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12
Q

Species Concept

A

Species - Latin for “kind”/”appearance”

Same “kind” of organism that may interbreed naturally and produce viable offspring

Limited to reproduction definition

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13
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of two species from one
(Allopatric or Sympatric)

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14
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Geographic isolation between species and two species form

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15
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Within the same area
Gene flow can occur or be disturbed
(Polyploidy, Autopolyploid, Allopolyploid, Sexual seletion, Habitat differentiation)

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16
Q

Polyploidy

A

more than 2 chromosome pairs

17
Q

Autopolyploid

A

Cell division error creates a tetraploid cell
Yields new species

18
Q

Allopolyploid

A

Interbreeding species
Hybrids often sterile

19
Q

Sexual selection

A

Females select males and males differ by color

20
Q

Habitat differentiation

A

Subpopulations that exploit different resources

21
Q

Prezygotic Barriers

A

Habitat isolation
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation

22
Q

Habitat isolation

A

Two species in two habitats within the same area

Prevents mating

23
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Seasonality of breeding
Prevents mating

24
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Courtship rituals performed by males
Prevent mating

25
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Mating attempted, but mismatched copulation
Prevents fertilization

26
Q

Gametic isolation

A

Physical or biochemical barrier even when multiple eggs/sperms present
Prevents fertilization

27
Q

Postzygotic Barrier

A

Fertilization has occurred

Reduced hybrid viability (low survival rate)

Reduced hybrid fertility (often sterile)

Hybrid breakdown - 1st generation sterile, but subsequent generations may not be

28
Q

Hybrid Zones

A

Overlapping areas of two species that allow the two species to interbreed

Climate change shifts zones

Three possible outcomes (Reinforcement, Fusion, Stability)

29
Q

Reinforcement

A

Strengthens reproductive barriers
Natural selection is the agent of change

30
Q

Fusion

A

Weakening of reproductive barriers
Gene pool becomes more alike
Hybrids may further stress existing species

31
Q

Stability

A

Continued formation of hybrid individuals and both species regularly enter hybrid zones

Narrow hybrid zone -> higher mating chances
Wide hybrid zone -> lower mating chances

32
Q

Punctuated model

A

Short speciation period, prolonged stability, and abrupt extinction

33
Q

Gradual model

A

Small, incremental changes over entire period and produces two species

Zoology (21 decks)

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