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Zoology > Exam 1 Study > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Flashcards

1
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of two species from one
(allopatric vs sympatric)

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1
Q

Basis of natural selection

A

1) Organisms exhibit heritable material
2) Organisms compete for resources
3) Individuals vary with reproductive success
4) Organisms may adapt with environmental changes

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2
Q

Allopatric

A

Geographic difference branches one species into two

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3
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Gene flow either occurs or is disrupted causing two species as a result
(In same area)
[Polyploidy, autopolyploid, or allopolyploid]

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4
Q

Polyploidy

A

> 2 chromosome copies

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5
Q

Autopolyploid

A

Cell division error resulting in tetraploid cell (yields new species)

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6
Q

Allopolyploid

A

Interbreeding species where hybrids are often sterile
(asexual reproduction causes hybrids to spread)

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7
Q

Sexual selection

A

Female select males
Males differ by color (mainly)

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8
Q

Habitat differentiation

A

Creates subpopulations in a species bases on habitat preference
[Ex: Apple maggot flies vs blueberry maggot flies]

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9
Q

Habitat isolation

A

Prezygotic barrier
Species within the same area with some barrier between them that prevents mating

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10
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Prezygotic barrier
Differences in mating rituals that prevents mating (Females not attracted to other males)

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10
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Prezygotic barrier
seasonality of breeding prevents mating

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11
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Prezygotic barrier
Mating occurs, but mismatched copulation prevents fertilization

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12
Q

Gametic isolation

A

Prezygotic barrier
Physical or biochemical barrier prevents fertilization

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13
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

Postzygotic barrier
1st hybrid generation might be sterile, but subsequent generations might not be

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14
Q

Postzygotic Barriers

A

Reduces hybrid viability and fertility

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15
Q

Reinforcement

A

Hybrid zone outcome
Strengthens reproductive barriers with natural selection as the agent of change

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16
Q

Fusion

A

Hybrid zone outcome
Weakens reproductive barriers with the gene pool becoming increasingly alike

[Hybrids may further stress existing species]

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17
Q

Stability

A

Hybrid zone outcome
Continued formation of hybrid individuals regardless of hybrid success

Narrow hybrid zone -> higher mating chances

Wider zone -> less mating chances

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18
Q

Punctuated model

A

For speciation

Short speciation period with prolonged stability and abrupt extinction

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19
Q

Gradual model

A

For speciation

Small incremental changes over time and produces two species

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20
Q

Genetic drift

A

Change in phenotype due to chance

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21
Q

Gene flow

A

New alleles enter population -> New phenotypes enter population as result

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22
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Varied expression of phenotype in same population

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23
Q

Nucleotide variability

A

Molecular variability in DNA
Most variations don’t affect expressed phenotype

24
Q

Nonheritable variation

A

Acquired traits cannot be passed to offspring

25
Q

Source of Genetic variation

A

1) new alleles in population
2) translocation of a gene
3) rapid reproduction (more in plants)
4) Sexual reproduction (crossing over, independent assortment, fertilization)

26
Q

Population

A

All individuals in one area at one time that might interbreed and produce viable offspring

27
Q

Founder effect

A

Few individuals leave the population that creates a limited starting gene pool for new population

28
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

Something occurs that limits genetic diversity of a population

[ex: forest fire leaves few individuals unharmed thus creating small, select gene pool from original population]

29
Q

Consequences of Genetic Drift

A

1) Significant in small populations

2) Allele frequency may change at random

3) Loss of genetic variation

4) Harmful alleles may
become fixed in population

30
Q

Relative fitness

A

In relation to natural selection

Individuals contribution to population relative to all individuals

31
Q

Absolute fitness

A

In relation to natural selection

Individuals contribute to gene pool

32
Q

Directional Selection

A

Type of Natural Selection

Extreme phenotype becomes favored

33
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Type of Natural Selection

2+ Extreme phenotypes become favored

34
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Type of Natural Selection

Intermediate form selected and is more likely to be carried over

35
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Adaptive changes to males and females

Males - higher ability to compete
Females - preferential selection of male

36
Q

Runaway selection

A

Type of Sexual Selection

Extreme is favored, which can become bad

37
Q

Differential Sexual Selection

A

Type of Sexual Selection

Less choosy female and more fit males, which stabilizes population

38
Q

Sexual Dimorphisms

A

Type of Sexual Selection

Distinct differences between sexes (Ex: Size and Color)

Establishes fitness

39
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Type of Sexual Selection

Individuals within sex compete (mainly males)

Psychological preferred over physical

40
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Type of Sexual Selection

Mate choice is noticeable and is individual with better genes

41
Q

Balancing Selection

A

Maintenance of undesirable alleles in population

Frequency dependent and Heterozygote advantage

42
Q

Evolution and Natural selection

A

1) Selection acts on existing variation
2) Evolution limited by historical constraints
3) Adaptation are often compromised

43
Q

Phylogenetics

A

The study of ancestor and descendent relationships

44
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of the relationship of organism or group of organisms

45
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Visual representation of phylogeny

46
Q

Trait descriptors

A

for phylogenetic tree
Ancestral (not primitive)
Derived (not advanced)
Shared

47
Q

Limitations of Phylogenetic Tree

A

1) Close proximity doesn’t equal look alike
2) Branches are not on time scale
3) Convergent traits across taxa
4) Ancestral groups still thrive
5) Order of traits is informative

48
Q

Systematics

A

Organize life based on evolutionary relatedness

49
Q

Taxonomy

A

“to arrange”
Unique, universal, and stable

50
Q

Hierarchical Classification System

A

Domain (Eukarya)
Kingdom (Animalia)
Phylum (Chordata)
Class (Mammalia)
Order (Carnivora)
Family (Felidae)
Genus (Felis)
Species (catus)

51
Q

Kingdom

A

One major taxonomic group

Protista (Unicellular)
Plantae (Photosynthetic)
Fungi (Decomposers)
Animalia (Consumers)

52
Q

Cladistics

A

Classifying organism with Homologous traits

53
Q

Clade

A

group of organisms on different hierarchical level with shared evolution
[Monophyletic]

54
Q

Monophyletic

A

Trait shated by ancestor and descendants

55
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Includes ancestor and some but not all of the descendants

56
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Trait shared by two divergent descendant groups but not their common ancestor

57
Q

Plesiomorphies

A

Shared ancestral trait
[Ancestor and Derived]
Ex: hair

58
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Shared derived traits originate in the last common ancestor

59
Q

Parisomy

A

Simplest explanation is preferred when tracking a trait through phylogenetic tree

60
Q

Evolution of Animal Body Parts

A

Symmetry (radial/bilateral)
Tissues and Body organization
Body cavity (coelom)
Embryonic development
Segmentation (repeated body units)
Digestive tract

Zoology (21 decks)

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