Ch 38 pt 2

Question 1

Structural Joints

Answer 1

Firbous
Syndesmoses
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 1

Fibrous Joints

Answer 1

With fibrous connective tissue
No cavity or space, therefore no movement
Ex: Sutures of skull

Question 2

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 2

Synochondroses - hyaline cartilage and epiphyseal plate
Symphyses - hyaline covers, fibrocarilatge connects

No cavity or space, and very little movement

Ex: Vertebrae

Question 2

Syndesmoses Joints

Answer 2

Bands of connective tissues
No cavity or space, but there is some movement
Move length of connective tissue
Ex: Tibia and Fibia - ankle, Gomphoses and teeth

Question 3

Synovial Joints

Description of joints

Answer 3

Space between bones
Synovial cavity and fluid
Fluid lubricates joint
Ends of bone covered in hyaline and articular cartilage

Question 4

Synovial Joints in Detail

List of types

Answer 4

Pivot - atlas-axis
Hinge - elbow
Saddle - carpal/metacarpal
Plane - ankle
Condyloid - radius, carpals
Ball and Socket - hip

Question 5

Muscle types

Answer 5

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Question 6

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 6

“voluntary” movement
Striated, multinucleate

Question 7

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 7

Self initiating
Started, uninucleate
Found near heart only

Question 8

Smooth Muscle

Answer 8

“Involuntary” movement
Walls of organs

Question 9

Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle

Answer 9

Skeletal Muscle
Bundles of muscle fibers (cable-like)
Muscle fiber (cell) - multinucleate
Myofibril and Myofilaments (gets progressively smaller units)

Question 10

Neuromuscular Synapse

Answer 10

Action Potential
Ca+ channels
Exocytosis [releasing ACh] Na+ channels
T-tubule -> depolarizes
Sacroplasmic Recticulum
Ca+ pumps

Question 11

Ca2+

Answer 11

Opens channel on presynaptic cell

Question 12

Exocytosis

Answer 12

Ca2+ causes ACh to be released
ACh binds to Na+ (postsynaptic cell, on muscle fiber)

Question 12

Sacroplasmic Reticulum

Answer 12

Stores Ca2+

Question 13

Muscular Contraction

Answer 13

Release Ca2+, causes depolarization and this action

Question 14

Ca2+ pumps

Answer 14

Ca2+ back into Sacroplasmic Reticulum which stops muscular contraction

Question 15

Sacromere

Answer 15

Smallest working subunit of muscular contraction

Question 16

Regulation of Muscular contraction

Answer 16

Tropomyosin
Troponin
Calcium

Question 17

Tropomyosin (TPM)

Answer 17

Finds actin and blocks binding sites on actin

Question 18

Troponin (TPN)

Answer 18

Found on actin and TPM
Holds actin and tropomyosin

Question 19

Calcium (Ca2+)

Answer 19

[Low] -> TPM inhibits cross-bridge, blocking binding site
[High] -> TPN changes confirmation, exposing binding sites

Question 20

Osteoporosis

Answer 20

Often during meta pause
Chronic low calcium
Bones breaks easily

Question 21

Rickets/Osteomalacia

Answer 21

Vitamin D deficiency
Bowing/soft bones
R - kids
O - adult

Question 21

Sliding Filament Theory

Answer 21

“sliding” on myofilaments to contract sarcomeres

Question 22

Osteoarthritis

Answer 22

Cartilage degrades
Bones grind (can form bony stumps)

Question 23

Fractures

Answer 23

Type -> stress or strain

Question 24

Muscular dystrophy

Answer 24

Genetic - abnormal development
Heart/respiratory fail
Non-ambulatory

Question 25

Myositis

Answer 25

Rare Inflammation
Muscle weakness

Question 26

Sarcoma

Answer 26

Soft tissue cancer
Rare
No known causes