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BIOL 1105 > 15: Meiosis > Flashcards

15: Meiosis Flashcards

Module 3, Lesson 4 (54 cards)

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1
Q

For organisms that perform sexual reproduction, genetic information can be passed on via cycles of ____ and ____.

A

Meiosis and fertilization

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2
Q

Meiosis often involves transitions between ____ and ____ states.

A

Diploid and haploid

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3
Q

Most animal cells are…

A

Diploid

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4
Q

Diploid ____ cells perform meiosis.

A

Germline

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5
Q

The end product of meiosis is ____.

A

Gametes

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6
Q

Are gametes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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7
Q

During sexual reproduction, gametes fuse to produce…

A

A zygote

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8
Q

Are zygotes haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

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9
Q

A zygote contains both a ____ homologue and a ____ homologue.

A

Maternal ; paternal

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10
Q

A zygote becomes a multicellular organism through the process of…

A

Mitosis

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11
Q

List three ways in which mitosis and meiosis are similar.

A
  1. Both use a microtubule-based spindle machine
  2. Both segregate condensed DNA molecules into two daughter cells
  3. Both include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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12
Q

List the four phases of division that are common to both mitosis and meiosis.

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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13
Q

List three features of meiosis that are distinct from mitosis.

A
  1. Two rounds of division, but only one round of DNA replication
  2. Synapsis
  3. Crossing over
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14
Q

List the three main phases of meiosis.

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Meiosis I (first division)
  3. Meiosis II (second division)
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15
Q

Through the process of meiosis I, a diploid germ cell splits into…

A

Two haploid daughter cells

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16
Q

The cells produced in meiosis I have ____ copy(ies) of each chromosome.

A

2

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17
Q

True or false:

The daughter cells replicate their DNA before entering meiosis II.

A

False

These cells suppress their DNA replication.

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18
Q

The daughter cells produced in meiosis II have ____ copy(ies) of each chromosome.

A

1

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19
Q

A tight association between homologous pairs is called…

A

Synapsis

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20
Q

The process by which homologues can exchange segments of their DNA is called…

A

Crossing over

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21
Q

During which phase of meiosis does synapsis occur?

A

Early prophase 1
(in meiosis I)

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22
Q

During synapsis, the homologous chromosomes form a structure called the…

Study These Flashcards
A

Synaptonemal complex

23
Q

The synaptonemal complex is also called…

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A

A tetrad or a bivalent

24
Q

How does the synaptonemal complex associate chromosomes?

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A

It pairs them along their length using a matrix of connecting proteins

25
Crossing over is possible due to...
Synapsis
26
# True or false: Crossing over can only occur between sister chromatids.
False It allows genetic recombination between non-sister chromatids
27
# True or false Because of crossing-over, alleles of genes that were on separate homologues can end up on the same homologue.
True
28
The site where crossing over takes place is called...
Chiasmata
29
Crossing over generally occus during...
Prophase 1
30
Chromosomes remain connected due to synapsis until...
Anaphase 1
31
# True or false: Meiotic cells do not go through interphase.
False Meiotic cells do have an interphase (G1, S, and G2) period.
32
What occurs during prophase 1? | (three)
1. Homologous chromosomes associate (synapsis) 2. Cross-over events occur 3. Microtubules from opposite poles attach to each homologue
33
What occurs during metaphase 1? | (one)
Bivalents congress to the metaphase plate
34
The orientation of homologues on the metaphase plate is random, so...
Different combinations of maternal and paternal homologues can be attached to each spindle pole
35
What happens during anaphase 1? | (one)
Homologues of each pair separate
36
During anaphase 1, what happens to the sister chromatids?
They remain connected
37
What happens during telophase 1?
The homologues move to opposite poles
38
After the completion of meiosis I, the two haploid cells formed have...
Different combinations of maternal and paternal homologues
39
The varied genetic makeup of the daughter cells produced in meiosis I is known as...
Independent assortment
40
# True or false: After meiosis I, the sister chromatids are identical.
False Due to cross-over events, they may no longer be identical.
41
Meiosis I is often called...
"Reduction division"
42
Meiosis results in a ____ of chromosomes for each daughter cell.
Loss
43
How long after meiosis I ends does meiois II begin?
It varies
44
Meiosis II closely resembles ____ division.
Mitotic
45
During meiosis II, the ____ are separated.
Sister chromatids
46
Each daughter cell produced in meiosis II has one random chromosome from...
Each homologous pair
47
# True or false: The daughter cells produced in meiosis II are genetically identical.
False Each cell contains a different set of parental genes.
48
# True or false: In animal cells, daughter cells develop into gametes immediately after the completion of meiosis II.
True
49
# True or false: In plants, fungi, and protists; daughter cells develop into gametes immediately after the completion of meiosis II.
False These cells reproduce mitotically to increase their numbers before developing into gametes.
50
____ occurs when chromosomes fail to move to opposite poles during either meiosis I or meiosis II.
Nondisjunction
51
Nondisjunction results in ____ gametes, which have missing or extra chromosomes.
Aneuploid
52
____ is the most common cause of spontaneous abortion in humans. ## Footnote Note: spontaneous abortion is when the embryo just dies without any external influence. This is what causes miscarriages.
Nondisjunction ## Footnote This is because having the wrong number of chromosomes is usually fatal to the cell. Exceptions would be things like Down Syndrome.
53
From a species viewpoint, the benefit of increased genetic variation ____ the chance and impact of negative errors.
Far outweighs
54
After meiosis is complete, a single parent cell has split into ____ daughter cells.
Four

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