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BIOL 1105 > 3: The Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

3: The Chemistry of Life Flashcards

Module 1, Lesson 3 (81 cards)

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1
Q

Life depends on the ____ of the molecules that make up cells.

A

Chemical properties

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2
Q

The smallest stable component of cells are…

A

Atoms

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3
Q

Atoms are made up of smaller, unstable particles called…

(three items)

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

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4
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

Positive

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5
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

Neutral / no charge

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6
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

Negative

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7
Q

Protons and neutrons are located in an atom’s…

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

True or false:

Most of the volume of an atom is empty space.

A

True

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9
Q

An atom’s interactions with other atoms are influenced by its…

A

Electrons

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10
Q

The ____ represents atoms as a nucleus surrounded by rings representing orbitals.

A

Bohr model

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11
Q

A substance that can’t be broken down into another substance by chemical means is called an…

A

Element

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12
Q

The number of protons in an element is its…

A

Atomic number

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13
Q

The amount of a substance is its…

A

Mass

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14
Q

The force exerted by gravity on an object is its…

A

Weight

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15
Q

The sum of the masses of an atom’s protons and neutrons is its…

A

Atomic mass

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16
Q

Atomic mass is measured in…

A

Daltons

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17
Q

1 Dalton equals…

A

The mass of a proton or a neutron

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18
Q

Only ____ elements are regularly found in living systems.

A

12

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19
Q

Most of an organism’s mass is made up of…

(four items)

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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20
Q

Carbon-containing molecules are known as…

A

Organic molecules

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21
Q

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called…

A

Isotopes

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22
Q

An electron’s energy level is related to its distance from the…

A

Nucleus

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23
Q

Energy is required to move an electron ____ the nucleus.

A

Away from

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24
Q

Moving an electron towards the nucleus ____ energy.

A

Releases

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25
Electrons occupy discrete energy levels called...
Quanta
26
Chemical properties repeat every ____ elements.
Eight
27
Most elements necessary for life have no more than ____ valence electrons.
Eight
28
An atom's chemical behavior is determined by...
How many of its valence positions are filled
29
Elements with all eight valence electrons tend to be...
Unreactive
30
The octet rule states that...
Atoms tend to want to establish completely full outer energy levels
31
Atoms with an electrical charge are called...
Ions
32
An ion that is positively charged (has more protons than electrons) is called a...
Cation
33
An ion that is negatively charged (has more electrons than protons) is called an...
Anion
34
In biological systems, reactive elements usally exist as...
Ions
35
A group of atoms held together in a stable association is called a...
Molecule
36
A molecule that contains atoms of two or more elements is called a...
Compound
37
Models that we can use to visualize molecules include... | (three items)
Bohr model, ball-and-stick model, space-filling model
38
A strong, stable interaction formed through the sharing of electron pairs is called a...
Covalent bond
39
# True or false: Electrons in covalent compounds are always shared equally.
False
40
When charge distribution is not equal in a covalently-bonded molecule...
The molecule has regions of partial positive and negative charge
41
A covalent bond or molecule where electrons are not shared equally is considered...
Polar
42
When atoms share more than one pair of electrons, a ____ forms.
Multiple bond
43
The strength of a covalent bond depends on...
The number of shared electrons
44
List the three main types of chemical bonds
1. Covalent 2. Ionic 3. Hydrogen bonding
45
Which type of chemical bond is the strongest in living cells?
Covalent
46
Which type of chemical bond depends on attractions between positively and negatively charged ions?
Ionic
47
In ionic bonds, atoms form a ____ structure.
Crystal
48
Which type of chemical bond can be described as the "sharing" of a hydrogen atom?
Hydrogen bonding (H-bonding)
49
Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with which two kinds of molecules?
1. Other water molecules 2. Polar organic molecules
50
Water is able to form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules because...
The charge distribution in these molecules in unequal.
51
Life functions around the properties of...
Water
52
List the properties of water that are critical for life on Earth. | (six items)
1. Cohesion 2. Adhesion 3. High specifc heat 4. High heat of vaporization 5. Less dense in its sold form 6. Acts as a solvent
53
Water is able to exist as a liquid on Earth because of the effects of...
Cohesion
54
Water molecules are attracted to ____ molecules.
Other polar
55
# True or False: Water will adhere to any material it can form hydrogen bonds with.
True
56
Adhesion can enable molecules to overcome...
Gravity
57
Because water has a high specific heat...
It heats slowly and loses heat slowly.
58
The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius is the...
Specific heat
59
Organisms can maintain a constant internal temperature because...
Water has a high specific heat
60
The energy needed to change 1 gram of a substance from a liquid to a gas is the...
Heat of vaporization
61
The heat of vaporization reflects the energy needed to break ____ bonds
Hydrogen
62
Organisms are able to stay cool in high temperatures because...
Water has a high heat of vaporization
63
Aquatic organisms are able to survive beneath ice in winter because...
Ice is less dense than water
64
If a molecule can interact with water, it will also be ____ in water.
Soluble
65
The molecule being dissolved in water is called the...
Solute
66
# True or false: Nonpolar molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds with water.
True
67
Molecules that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water are called...
Hydrophobic
68
Hydrophobic molecules ____ in water.
Cluster
69
Molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions are considered...
Amphipathic
70
# True or false: Water rarely forms ions spontaneously.
True
71
The pH scale measures the concentration of ____ in solution.
Hydrogen ions
72
A difference of 1 on the pH scale represents a ____ change in hydrogen ion concentration.
Tenfold
73
Solutions with a higher pH value have ____ hydrogen ion concentration.
Less
74
Solutions with a lower pH value have ____ hydrogen ion concentration.
Greater
75
The pH of pure water is...
7
76
A substance that dissociates in water to increase the concentration of hydrogen ions is called a(n)...
Acid
77
A substance that dissociates in water to decrease the hydrogen ion concentration is called a(n)...
Base
78
A substance that resists changes in pH is called a...
Buffer
79
Human blood is a...
Buffer system
80
In human blood, the acid component is...
Carbonic acid
81
In human blood, the base component is...
Bicarbonate

BIOL 1105 (26 decks)

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