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18: Biotechnology Flashcards

Module 4, Lesson 1 (85 cards)

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1
Q

Selective breeding is a type of…

A

Genetic manipulation

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2
Q

Selective breeding is also often called…

A

Artificial selection

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3
Q

____ uses controlled mating to produce an organism with the desired characteristics.

A

Selective breeding

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4
Q

Selective breeding is a ____ process.

A

Long-term

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5
Q

True or false:

Selective breeding only ever results in the selection of desirable traits.

A

False

It can often result in undesirable or harmful traits being accidentally selected.

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6
Q

Selective breeding typically results in a(n) ____ of overall genetic diversity in the species.

A

Decrease

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7
Q

True or false:

Selective breeding increases an organism’s vulnerability to disease.

A

True

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8
Q

The process of modifying an organism’s DNA using technology is called…

A

Gene editing

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9
Q

List three different variations of gene editing.

A
  1. Taking genes from one organism and inserting them into another
  2. Removing sections of DNA
  3. Editing individual DNA base pairs
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10
Q

List two examples of gene editing.

A
  1. Molecular cloning
  2. CRISPR/Cas9 system
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11
Q

List three benefits of gene editing compared to selective breeding.

A
  1. Much faster and more targeted
  2. Genes from one species can be inserted into another
  3. Helps prevent loss of genetic diversity
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12
Q

Lab-made molecules that are not naturally found in an organism are called…

A

Recombinant molecules

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13
Q

Many gene editing techniques use naturally-occuring…

A

Enzymes

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14
Q

____ are used in gene editing to cut DNA at specific locations.

A

Restriction enzymes/endonucleases

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15
Q

____ are a category of enzymes capable of cutting phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides.

A

Nucleases

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16
Q

Restriction enzymes are naturally a key component of…

A

Bacterial resistance to viruses

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17
Q

Which two components of DNA synthesis are often used in gene editing?

A
  1. DNA ligase
  2. DNA polymerase
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18
Q

During gene editing, DNA ligase is used to…

A

Seal the gaps between the original DNA and the inserted DNA segment

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19
Q

During gene editing, especially PCR, DNA polymerase is used to…

A

Amplify a sample of DNA

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20
Q

List the four basic steps of molecular cloning.

A
  1. Amplify DNA
  2. Cut out DNA
  3. Isolate cut DNA
  4. Insert DNA into new organism
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21
Q

Why is GFP, a gene for bioluminescent protein, useful for researchers?

A

It can be used to track movement of proteins in a living cell

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22
Q

The first step of molecular cloning, where the gene of interest is amplified, is…

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR)

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23
Q

PCR takes place in a machine called a…

A

Thermocycler

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24
Q

List the three main steps of PCR.

A
  1. Denaturation
  2. Annealing
  3. Synthesis/Extension
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25
PCR is a technique used to...
Amplify a gene of interest
26
During the denaturation phase of PCR...
DNA is unwound using extreme heat
27
# True or false: Unlike in a cell, during PCR all strands of DNA are unwound at once.
True
28
During the annealing phase of PCR...
The temperature is lowered so the primers can bind to the DNA
29
# True or false: The primers used in PCR only amplify the area of interest.
True
30
During the extension phase of PCR...
The DNA is elongated by DNA polymerase
31
The specific DNA polymerase used in PCR is called...
Taq polymerase
32
# True or false: Taq polymerase is sourced from human cells.
False It comes from a thermophilic bacteria, so it doesn't denature at high temperatures
33
By repeating PCR many times, it is possible to make ____ of copies of a single DNA fragment.
Millions
34
Restriction enzymes are a special class of...
Endonucleases
35
During molecular cloning, restriction enzymes are used to...
Cut the amplified DNA at precise locations
36
When choosing which restriction enzyme to use, it is important to ensure that...
The enzyme will not cut into the gene of interest
37
When restriction enzymes cut DNA, they leave overlapping...
"Sticky ends"
38
Why are the sticky ends of cut DNA important?
They allow two different segments of DNA to be easily connected
39
# True or false: Restriction enzymes can usually precisely cut out the gene of interest.
False
40
The DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is separated from the leftover fragments using...
Gel electrophoresis
41
During gel electrophoresis, ____ is used to move DNA fragments through a gel with many small pores.
Electric current
42
DNA molecules are ____ charged.
Negatively
43
During gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments will move from the ____ to the ____.
Cathode to anode
44
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by...
Size
45
Longer fragments travel ____ through the gel, so they are usually found near the ____ of the gel.
Slower, top
46
Shorter fragments travel ____ through the gel, so they are usually found near the ____ of the gel.
Faster; bottom
47
Researchers can use ____ to know exactly which nucleotide base the DNA fragments were cut at.
Restriction enzyme maps
48
A standard set of DNA fragments used to identify the sample fragments during gel electrophoresis is called a....
DNA ladder
49
A segment of DNA that the gene of interest will be added to is the...
Plasmid
50
During the process of ____, the gene of interest and the plasmid are combined.
Ligation
51
In order for the cut fragment and the plasmid to combine...
The same restriction enzyme must have been used to cut both
52
The result of ligation is a...
Recombinant DNA molecule
53
After the gene of interest and the plasmid have combined, ____ is used to seal gaps in the phosphate backbone.
DNA ligase
54
During the process of ____, the edited plasmid is inserted into an organism.
Transformation
55
Many plasmids have a ____, which is used to verify that the gene of interest has entered the cell.
Selection marker
56
To ensure that the plasmid can replicate within the cell, a(n) ____ is placed on it.
Origin of replication
57
Genetically altered animals are sometimes called... | (not GMOs)
Transgenic
58
Over 90% of soybean plants in the US have been genetically modified to resist...
Glyphosate
59
To insert a gene into a plant, the edited gene is made into a special plasmid called a...
Tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid
60
The ____ system has the ability to directly and rapidly edit the genes of living cells.
CRISPR/Cas9
61
The scientists who discovered CRISPR were studying...
Bacterial immune responses
62
When bacteria are infected with a virus...
They collect small fragments of viral DNA and incorporate them into the bacterial genome
63
Bacteria keep a "viral DNA library" called...
CRISPR
64
When a bacterium is re-infected by a virus, the CRISPR library...
Produces "guide RNA" that shows the Cas9 endonuclease where to cut the viral DNA
65
In bacteria, the ____ endonuclease cuts viral DNA at a precise location to prevent re-infection.
Cas9
66
The ____ system serves as a bacterium's adaptive immune system.
CRISPR/Cas9
67
How can CRISPR/Cas9 be used as a gene editing tool?
Guide RNA can be developed for the gene of interest, then injected into the organism along with Cas9 proteins
68
List three ways that DNA can be edited using CRISPR/Cas9.
1. Deleting DNA segments 2. Inserting new DNA segments in place of cut DNA 3. Inducing mutations in single base pairs
69
____ can be used to directly alter the gene of cells within or outside the body.
Gene therapy
70
Gene therapy is primarily used to target...
Genetic diseases
71
How can CRISPR gene therapy be used to treat sickle cell anemia?
Blood stem cells can be edited so that they have a functional hemoglobin gene
72
How can CRISPR gene therapy be used to treat HIV?
Immune stem cells can be edited to mutate the surface proteins important for HIV binding to T-cells
73
List three downsides of gene therapy.
1. Inherent risks 2. High cost 3. Possible ethical concerns
74
Any cell that cannot form gametes is called a...
Somatic cell
75
With somatic gene editing, the edited genes are found in the new cells they generate but not...
In any other cells in the body
76
The benefits and risks of ____ gene editing are limited to the individual.
Somatic
77
Cells that form gametes are called...
Germline cells
78
If the DNA of a germline cell is altered, the alterations...
Will be found in every cell of the adult body, including reproductive cells
79
The benefits and risks of ____ gene editing impact both the individual and any future offspring.
Germline
80
# True or false: Somatic gene editing can affect evolution.
False Germline gene editing can do this, but somatic editing cannot.
81
Germline gene editing in humans is considered...
Unethical and very risky
82
# True or false: The impacts of gene editing can be difficult to predict.
True
83
Altering or removing an organism can also impact...
Its ecosystem
84
One unintended consequence of herbicide-resistant crops is that...
Many weeds/wild plants have also gained the gene for herbicide resistance
85
Scientists are exploring eradication of malaria by...
Editing the genes of mosquitoes so they become infertile

BIOL 1105 (26 decks)

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