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BIOL 1105 > 4: Biological Macromolecules > Flashcards

4: Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

Module 1, Lesson 4 (80 cards)

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1
Q

A cell is about ____% water and ____% macromolecules.

A

70% ; 26%

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2
Q

Most macromolecules in a cell are…

A

Proteins

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3
Q

Which element makes up the framework for biological molecules?

A

Carbon

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4
Q

Which elements do carbon atoms form chemical bonds with?

(six)

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Nitrogen
  5. Phosphate
  6. Sulfur
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5
Q

List the seven major types of functional groups.

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carbonyl
  3. Carboxyl
  4. Amino
  5. Sulfhydryl
  6. Methyl
  7. Phosphate
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6
Q

Sulfhydryl groups are only found in…

A

Proteins

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7
Q

Methyl groups are only found in…

A

Proteins

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8
Q

Phosphate groups are only found in…

A

Nucleic acids

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9
Q

Which functional groups do carbohydrates contain?

(two)

A

Hydroxyl and carbonyl

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10
Q

Which functional groups do proteins contain?

(five)

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carboxyl
  3. Amino
  4. Sulfhydryl
  5. Methyl
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11
Q

Which functional groups do lipids contain?

(two)

A

Hydroxyl and carboxyl

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12
Q

Which functional groups do nucleic acids contain?

(four)

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carbonyl
  3. Amino
  4. Phosphate
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13
Q

List the four main types of biological macromolecules.

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Nucleic acids
  4. Lipids
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14
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy storage and structural support

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15
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Enzyme production and structural support

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16
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

Store and express genetic information

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17
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy storage, membrane structure, and cell communications

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18
Q

Carbohydrates are assembled from…

A

Monosaccharides

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19
Q

Proteins are assembled from…

A

Amino acids

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20
Q

Nucleic acids are assembled from…

A

Nucleotides

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21
Q

Lipids are assembled from…

A

Fatty acids

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22
Q

With the exception of lipids, biological macromolecules are often called…

A

Polymers

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23
Q

Carbohydrates contain a 1-2-1 ratio of ____, ____, and ____.

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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24
Q

Carbohydrates are sometimes referred to as…

A

“Simple sugars”

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25
Monosaccharides usually contain between ____ and ____ carbons.
3 - 6
26
Linear molecules that can form a ring shape in solution are called...
Monosaccharides
27
In monosaccharides, covalent bonds are formed between the ____ group, ____, and ____.
Hydroxyl, carbon, and oxygen
28
The alpha and beta forms of monosaccharides result from...
Different positions of the hydroxyl group bound to a carbon atom
29
Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures are termed...
Isomers
30
____ is a structural isomer of glucose.
Fructose
31
____ is a stereo isomer of glucose.
Galactose
32
# True or false: Cells view each isomer as a distinct sugar.
True
33
The covalent linking of two monosaccharides forms a...
Disaccharide
34
Disaccharides are formed via ____ reactions.
Dehydration
35
Large polymers assembled from mono- and disaccharides are called...
Polysaccharides
36
List some examples of polysaccharides. | (five given)
1. Amylose (starch) 2. Amylopectin (starch) 3. Glycogen (carbohydrate storage) 4. Cellulose (structural) 5. Chitin (structural)
37
List the three main parts of a nucleotide.
1. Phosphate group(s) 2. Nitrogenous base 3. Carbon ring
38
In RNA, ____ is bonded to the 2-prime carbon atom.
Ribose
39
In DNA, ____ is bonded to the 2-prime carbon atom.
Deoxyribose
40
List the five types of nucleotide bases.
1. Adenine 2. Guanine 3. Cytosine 4. Thymine 5. Uracil
41
Which base is only found in DNA?
Thymine
42
Which base is only found in RNA?
Uracil
43
Which two nucleotide bases are purines (double-ringed molecules)?
Adenine and guanine
44
Which three nucleotide bases are pyrimidines (single-ringed molecules)?
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil
45
Nucleotides link to form nucleic acids using covalent ____ bonds.
Phosphodiester
46
# True or false: Each end of an assembled nucleic acid is the same.
False Nucleic acids are directional polymers, meaning that each end is different.
47
The information in a nucleic acid is read starting from the...
5-prime carbon
48
Nucleic acids contain a ____ backbone.
sugar-phosphate
49
Which bases form complementary pairs in DNA molecules?
Adenine and Thymine Cytosine and Guanine
50
DNA contains two strands that twist into a...
Double helix
51
The two DNA strands run ____ to each other
Antiparallel
52
Unlike DNA, RNA molecules have ____ strand(s).
One
53
The energy currency of the cell is...
Adenine triphosphate (ATP)
54
____ is used to drive energetically unfavorable reactions in cells.
ATP
55
List the four major functions of proteins.
1. Enzyme production 2. Movement 3. Structural support 4. Defense
56
There are ____ named amino acids.
20
57
Amino acids are distinguished by their unique...
R group
58
Amino acids contain a(n) ____ group and an acidic ____ group.
Amino ; carboxyl
59
There are ____ polar amino acids and ____ nonpolar amino acids.
Ten ; ten
60
At neutral pH, out of the ten polar amino acids, ____ have no charge, ____ have a negative charge, and ____ have a positive charge.
Five have no charge Two are negatively charged Three are positively charged
61
Amino acids assemble using ____ bonds.
Peptide
62
Covalent bonds created using a dehydration reaction are termed...
Peptide bonds
63
# True or false: The formation of peptide bonds occurs spontaneously.
False The reaction must be catalyzed by ribosomes in the cell.
64
The end of a peptide that has a hydrogen exposed is called the...
Amino terminus or n-terminus
65
The end of a peptide that has a carboxyl group exposed is termed the...
Carboxyl terminus or c-terminus
66
# True or false: Peptides are directional and linear.
True
67
A peptide that contains more than ten amino acids is called a...
Polypeptide chain
68
# True or false: Every protein has a unqiue amino acid sequence.
True
69
A protein's amino acid sequence is its...
Primary structure
70
A protein's "function" refers to...
Whether or not it is active
71
In order to form a functional protein, polypeptides must...
Fold into a 3D structure
72
The structure of a protein that depends on noncovalent hydrogen bonds between nearby amino acids is its...
Secondary structure
73
List the two main types of a secondary structure.
Alpha helix (cylindrical) Beta sheet (flat)
74
The structure of a protein that depends on interactions between distant amino acids is its...
Tertiary structure
75
Hydrophobic interactions are important to a protein's...
Tertiary structure
76
# True or false: Some proteins are functional after their tertiary structure is formed.
True
77
The association of two or more polypeptides that may not be active by themselves forms a protein's...
Quarternary structure
78
The process by which a protein unfolds and deactivates is called...
Denaturation
79
List three of the possible causes of denaturation.
1. Change in pH 2. Change in temperature 3. Change in ionic concentration
80
The process by which a protein may refold if the proper environment is restored is called...
Renaturation

BIOL 1105 (26 decks)

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