Chapter 2

Question 1

any of numerous substances that are produced by cells and living organisms.

Answer 1

biomolecules

Question 2

four major types of biomolecules

Answer 2

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

Question 3

two main functions of carbohydrates

Answer 3

source for chemical energy for cells in many living things

part of the structural material of plants

Question 4

chemical composition of carbohydrates

Answer 4

made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
in a ratio of roughly one carbon atom (C)
to one water molecule (H2O)

Question 5

carbohydrates’ stoichiometric formula

Answer 5

(CH2O)n. where “n” is the number of carbons in the molecule.

Question 6

ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbs

Answer 6

1:2:1

Question 7

types of carbohydrates

Answer 7

mono-, di-, oligo-, polysaccharide

Question 8

monosaccharides

Answer 8

fructose, glucose, galactose

Question 9

disaccharides

Answer 9

sucrose, lactose, malactose

Question 10

oligosaccharides

Answer 10

raffinose, stachyose

Question 11

polysaccharides

Answer 11

starch, cellulose, glycogen

Question 12

long chains of simpler sugars joined together

Answer 12

starch

Question 13

big molecules of starch are also called..

Answer 13

macromolecules

Question 14

a macromolecule that is slower to break down in the body & provide energy
for a longer period of time than regular sugars.

Answer 14

starch

Question 15

cell wall of plant cells

Answer 15

cellulose

Question 16

why your body cannot digest cellulose the same way it can starches & sugars.

Answer 16

cellulose is made from chains of thousands of glucose molecules, but the difference is
in how they’re linked.

Question 17

any of a diverse group of organic
compounds including fats, oils,
hormones, and certain components
of membranes

Answer 17

lipids

Question 18

major trait of lipids

Answer 18

do not interact appreciably with water

Question 19

one type of lipid that is sequestered as fat in adipose cells, which serve as the energy storage depot for organisms and also provide thermal insulation.

Answer 19

triglycerides

Question 20

a lipid that serve as chemical messengers between cells, tissues, and organs, and others communicate signals between biochemical systems within a single cell.

Answer 20

steroid hormones

Question 21

The membranes of cells and organelles (structures within cells) are microscopically thin structures formed from two layers of…

Answer 21

phospholipid molecules

Question 22

• only single bonds in the carbon chain
• most animal fats
• “bad” fats
• high rate of diet leads to heart disease

Answer 22

saturated fat

Question 23

• one or more double bonds in the carbon
  chain
• most oils from plants
• “good” fats

Answer 23

unsaturated fat

Question 24

why are unsaturated fats easier to break
down?

Answer 24

they have double bonds that saturated fats don’t have. This gives them a kinkier shape, so they don’t pack together nearly as well. The gaps between molecules make their bonds easier to break.

Question 25

another lipid in cell membranes

Answer 25

cholesterol

Question 26

cholesterol is needed to make hormones like…

Answer 26

adrenaline

Question 27

proteins are made of smaller molecules called…

Answer 27

amino acids

Question 28

composition of proteins

Answer 28

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc.

Question 29

amino acids are linked by [ ] to form [ ]

Answer 29

peptide bonds; polypeptide chains

Question 30

primary structure of proteins

Answer 30

amino acid sequence

Question 31

secondary structures of proteins

Answer 31

local interactions between stretches of a polypeptide chain and includes α-helix
and β-pleated sheet structures.

Question 32

tertiary structures of proteins

Answer 32

the overall the three-dimension folding driven largely by interactions between R groups.

Question 33

roles of proteins

Answer 33

membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steroid hormones, structural molecules

Question 34

nucleic acids include…

Answer 34

DNA and RNA

Question 35

contains information that cells use to make proteins

Answer 35

nucleic acids

Question 36

composition of nucleic acids

Answer 36

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 37

DNA structure

Answer 37

twisted ladder or double helix

Question 38

the sides of the ladder are made of…

Answer 38

sugar molecules called deoxyribose and phosphate groups

Question 39

the “rungs” of the ladder are made of…

Answer 39

nitrogen bases

Question 40

matched sets of nitrogen bases

Answer 40

adenine to cytosine
thymine to guanine

Question 41

the order of the bases in DNA is the way in which DNA…

Answer 41

stores instructions for making proteins.

Question 42

nucleic acids are biomolecules that
contain the blueprints for making

Answer 42

proteins