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human biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q
  • regulates all biological processes in the body all-throughout life
  • development of the brain and nervous system, the growth and function of the reproductive system, as well as the metabolism
A

endocrine system

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2
Q

primary endocrine glands

A

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, islets of langerhans, adrenals, ovaries/testes

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3
Q

regulate growth, development, mood, tissue function,
metabolism, and sexual function.

A

hormones

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4
Q
  • a collection of specialized cells located in the brain, and is the primary link between the two systems.
  • produces chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions of the pituitary gland
A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

the body’s ‘master gland’ because it controls the
activity of most other hormone-secreting glands.

A

pituitary gland

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6
Q
  • a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell
    reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals.
  • aka. somatotropin
  • growth and development of muscles, bones, organs
A

growth hormone

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7
Q

essential for the growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulating the release of its hormone.

A

adrenocorticotropin

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8
Q

essential for the growth and development of the thyroid gland.

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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9
Q
  • It stimulates the growth ovarian follicles in the female and the production of sperm in the male.
  • it stimulates testicular growth in males and helps produce a protein that plays a vital role in male fertility by aiding in the creation of normal sperm cells and maintaining them
    until they are ready to be released.
A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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10
Q

is a gonadotropic hormone stimulating the development of corpus luteum in the female ovarian follicles and the
production of testosterone in the male.

A

luteinizing hormone

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11
Q

stimulates the development and growth of the
mammary glands and milk production during
pregnancy.

A

prolactin

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12
Q

regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of
melanin in the skin after exposure to sunlight

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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13
Q

stimulates the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules.
Hyposecretion of this hormone can result in diabetes insipidus

A

antidiuretic hormone

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14
Q

stimulates the uterus to contract during labor, delivery, and parturition. A synthetic version of this hormone, used to induce labor, is called Pitocin. It also stimulates the mammary glands to release milk.

A

oxytocin

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15
Q

a pea-sized conical mass of tissue behind the third
ventricle of the brain, secreting a hormone-like
substance in some mammals.

A

pineal gland

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16
Q
  • communicates information about environmental
    lighting to various parts of the body.
  • has some effect on sleep/awake cycles and other biological events connected to them, such as a lower
    production of gastric secretions at night.
A

melatonin

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17
Q

[ ] suppresses the body’s release of melatonin, a hormone that makes us feel drowsy.

A

blue light

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18
Q

a neurotransmitter that regulates intestinal movements and affects appetite, mood, sleep, anger, and metabolism.

A

serotonin

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19
Q

it plays a major role in the METABOLISM, growth and development of the human body.

A

thyroid gland

20
Q

influences bone and calcium metabolism; maintains a
homeostasis of calcium in the blood plasma

A

calcitonin

21
Q

essential to basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

thyroxine (T4), triodothyronine (T3)

22
Q

the rate at which a person’s body burns calories while at rest

A

basal metabolic rate

23
Q

cretinism, myxedema, Hashimoto’s disease

A

hyposecretion of T3 and T4

24
Q

Grave’s disease, goiter, Basedow’s disease

A

hypersecretion of T3 and T4

25
Q

lie just behind the thyroid glands in the neck

A

parathyroid gland

26
Q

increases levels of calcium in the blood.

A

parathyroid hormone

27
Q

islands of endocrine cells scattered throughout the pancreas.

A

islets of langerhans

28
Q

there are five types of cells in the islets of Langerhans:

A

beta cells secrete insulin; alpha cells secrete glucagon; PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide; delta cells
secrete somatostatin; and epsilon cells secrete ghrelin.

29
Q
  • occurs when the pancreas in unable to produce enough insulin
  • tends to develop at a young age
  • cannot be prevented
  • needs insulin therapy
A

type 1 diabetes mellitus

30
Q
  • occurs due to insulin resistance
  • tends to develop at an older age
  • can be prevented w/ lifestyle changes
A

type 2 diabetes mellitus

31
Q

triangular-shaped and located at the top of each kidney

A

adrenal glands

32
Q

The inside is called the [ ] and the outside layer is
called the [ ].

A

medulla, cortex

33
Q

regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism; has
an anti-inflammatory effect; helps the body cope during times of stress

A

cortisol

34
Q

like cortisol, it is a steroid; influences potassium
and sodium metabolism

A

corticosterone

35
Q

essential in regulating electrolyte and water balance by
promoting sodium and chloride retention and potassium excretion.

A

aldosterone

36
Q

several hormones including testosterone; they promote
the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male.

A

androgen

37
Q

produced by the gonads (by the Leydig cells in testes
in men and by the ovaries in women), although small quantities are also produced by the adrenal glands in both sexes.

A

testosterone

38
Q

hormones of the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

39
Q

used to treat shock. It dilates the arteries, elevates systolic
blood pressure, increases cardiac output, and increases urinary output.

A

dopamine

40
Q

produce several estrogen hormones and progesterone.

A

ovaries

41
Q

during pregnancy, the [ ] serves as an endocrine gland.

A

placenta

42
Q

the placenta as endocrine gland produces

A

chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone

43
Q
  • essential for normal growth and development of the male
    sex organs.
  • responsible for the erection of penis
A

testosterone

44
Q
  • has two lobes, and is part of the lymphatic system.
  • it is a ductless gland, and secretes thymosin.
A

thymus

45
Q

the mucosa of the pyloric area of the stomach secretes the hormone [ ] which stimulates the production of a gastric acid for digestion

A

gastrin

human biology (20 decks)

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