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A+P 2 > Chapter 17 (Lecture) > Flashcards

Chapter 17 (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

blood makes up what percent of our body weight?

A

8%

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2
Q

consists of four protein chains attached to a heme (iron-containing) group
iron is necessary for function

A

hemoglobin

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3
Q

without iron and if hemoglobin doesn’t function properly, what can occur

A

anemia

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4
Q

what is much more effective at binding oxygen than is adult hemoglobin

A

fetal hemoglobin

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5
Q

binds irreversibly to hemoglobin, thus rendering it ineffective to carry oxygen

A

carbon monoxide

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6
Q

functions to carry oxygen throughout the circulatory system to the tissues

A

hemoglobin

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7
Q

essential for allowing CO2 and H2O to react

A

carbonic anhydrase

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8
Q

how many oxygen atoms can bind to each heme group

A

1

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9
Q

what is the typical blood volume in females

A

4-5L

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10
Q

what is the typical blood volume in males

A

5-6 L

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11
Q

what is the average temperature of blood

A

100.4 degrees Fahrenheit

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12
Q

what is the typical pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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13
Q

what is the whole blood viscosity?

A

4.5-5.5

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14
Q

what is the viscosity of plasma

A

2.0

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15
Q

what is the mean salinity of blood

A

0.9%

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16
Q

how much hemoglobin is typically in the female body?

A

12-16 g/dL

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17
Q

how much hemoglobin is typically in the male body?

A

13-18 g/dL

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18
Q

bright red blood is indicative of

A

oxygen rich blood

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19
Q

dark red blood is indicative of

A

oxygen poor blood

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20
Q

functions of blood

A
  • distribution
  • regulation
  • protection
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21
Q

formed elements

A

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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22
Q

unformed elements

A

plasma

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23
Q

what is meant by distribution when referring to blood?

A

blood is responsible for oxygen delivery, waste transport, and transport of hormones

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24
Q

what is meant by regulation when referring to blood?

A

regulates body temperature, pH, fluid volume

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25
Q

what is meant by protection relating to blood?

A

prevens blood loss, protects immune functions

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26
Q
  • 55% of blood by volume
  • composed mainly of proteins dissolved in serum
  • important proteins are albumins, globulins, fibrinogens
  • also contains glucose, ions, and gases
A

plasma

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27
Q
  • makes up 60% of plasma
  • responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in capillaries
A

albumins

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28
Q
  • makes up approx 36% of plasma
  • consists of transport binding proteins and some antibodies
A

globulins

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29
Q
  • approx 4% of plasma
  • responsible for forming blood clots (inactivated form of thrombin)
A

fibrinogen

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30
Q
  • 45% of blood volume
  • not technically cells
  • 4-6 mill/ul (microliter)
  • small biconcave, anucleated disks
A

erythrocytes (RBCs)

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31
Q

what is the benefit of erythrocytes being small biconcave anucleated disks?

A

allows for increased surface area for gas exchange

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32
Q
  • takes place in red bone marrow
  • red blood cell production
A

hematopoiesis

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33
Q

bone marrow makes approx how much blood each day?

A

approx 1 oz

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34
Q

stem cells for blood cell production

A

hemocytoblast

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35
Q

RBCs are produced at what rate

A

2 million/sec

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36
Q

hormone released by kidney cells in response to:
* decreased RBC in circulation
* decreased O2 availability
* increased tissue demands for O2

stimulates red bone marrow to produce more RBCs

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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37
Q

consists of leukocytes and makes up less than 1% fo whole blood

A

buffy coat

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38
Q

begins accumulating in phase 2 of RBC formation

A

hemoglobin

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39
Q

what is synthesized in phase 1 of RBC formation

A

ribosomes

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40
Q

the nucleoblast is ejected from what cell during RBC formation

A

normoblast

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41
Q

steps to erythropoeisis (RBC formation)

A
  1. hemocytoblast
  2. myeloid stem cell
  3. proerythroblast
  4. early erythroblast
  5. late erythroblast
  6. normoblast
  7. reticulocyte
  8. erythrocyte (RBC)
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42
Q

RBC stem cell, has receptors for erythropoetin

A

proerythroblast

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43
Q

cell that begins making hemoglobin during erythropoesis

A

erythroblast

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44
Q

often found in hypoxic solutions

A

reticulocyte

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45
Q

prefix meaning embolus or wedge

A

embal-

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46
Q

prefix meaning white or white blood cell

A

leuko-

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47
Q

prefix meaning clot or associated w/ blood clotting

A

thrombo-

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48
Q

prefix meaning blood

A

hemo-

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49
Q

prefix meaning bone marrow or spinal cord

A

myelo-

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50
Q

prefix meaning red or red blood cell

A

erythro-

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51
Q

a freely-moving clot that becomes lodged in a small lung vessel

A

pulmonary embolism

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52
Q

the process of synthesizing new red blood cells in red bone marrow

A

erythropoiesis

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53
Q

low white blood cell count

A

leukopenia

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54
Q

the process of stopping bleeding after injury

A

hemostasis

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55
Q

the hormone signal for increased production of platelets

A

thrombopoietin

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56
Q

an intermediate of the myeloid stem cell, gives rise to granulocytes

A

myeloblast

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57
Q

which plasma constituent is the main contributor to clotting

A

fibrinogen

58
Q

which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport?

A

amino acids of the globin

the heme groups and iron ions are binding points for oxygen, while carbon dioxide binds to and is carried by the globin polypeptides. the combined form is called carbaminohemoglobin

59
Q

true or false:

erythrocytes can bend and twist to fit through vessels

A

true

60
Q

in a centrifuged sample of blood, what should NOT be in the plasma portion of the sample?

A

platelets

platelets are dense enough that they should be in the buffy coat layer of centrifuged blood

61
Q

what is a young anucleate erythrocyte called?

A

reticulocyte

Reticulocytes are a stage in erythrocyte development when the nucleus has just been lost. These are found in circulating blood, but they are typically only a small percent of total red cells.

62
Q

how many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule

A

four

63
Q

which of the formed elements is present in the greatest concentration

A

erythrocytes

64
Q

what does NOT stimulate erythrocyte production

A

hyperventilating

Hyperventilating leads to an above-normal level of oxygen in the blood, which would not stimulate RBC production

65
Q

results from vitamin B12 deficiency

A

pernicious anemia

Pernicious anemia does result from a vitamin B12 deficiency. The deficiency may be the result of inadequate dietary intake of vitamin B12, or the lack of intrinsic factor (produced in the stomach), which is required for absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestines.

66
Q

Athletes can use industry-produced EPO as a performance-enhancing drug to increase the effects of their naturally-produced EPO. These athletes will experience

A

decreased production of EPO by their kidneys

67
Q

Higher viscosity of blood will increase the amount of stress placed on the heart while it is pumping. Viscosity of blood is highest when

A

plasma levels are highest

68
Q

true or false:

the primary of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones

A

false

69
Q

in a cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy, the decision to utilize a CSF capable of specifically stimulating the production of only the granular leukocytes would require that the CSF acts exclusively on

A

myeloblasts

70
Q

a person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likely suffering from

A

a bacterial infection

71
Q

which type of leukocyte provides protection against parasitic worms

A

eosinophils

72
Q

what enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occurred?

A

plasmin

73
Q

parent cell for all formed elements of blood

A

hematopoietic stem cell

74
Q

You are awaiting the white blood cell differential results for a patient who presented with a ruptured appendix and peritonitis. Which type of leukocyte do you expect to be most elevated over its normal value?

A

neutrophils

Neutrophils are the body’s bacteria slayers, so you would expect more of them to be present during a serious acute bacterial infection like the one your unfortunate patient has

75
Q

Your patient has a hematocrit of 56%. You recall from your anatomy and physiology class that high hematocrits are often a sign of blood doping by athletes. However, your patient is an elderly man suffering from the flu. What is most likely accounting for his elevated hematocrit?

A

he is dehydrated from the flu

76
Q

abnormally low number of leukocytes

A

leukopenia

77
Q

blood is a type of connective tissue. what primary germ layer is responsible for both blood cells and phagocytic brain glial cells

A

mesoderm

78
Q

how do platelets enter the blood

A

they are passed through the wall of a bone marrow capillary

Megakaryocytes place platelets in the blood by passing them through the wall of sinusoidal capillaries (with large openings in their walls) in the bone marrow.

79
Q

hemostasis is important for

A

the stopage of bleeding

Hemostasis leads to stoppage of bleeding. The hemostasis response is fast, localized, and controlled. It involves clotting factors and substances released by damaged tissue and platelets.

80
Q

what is one of the differences between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways

A

one is faster than the other

81
Q

loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause

A

loss of blood clotting

82
Q

true or false

the immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting

A

false

83
Q

which ABO blood type is considered to be the universal recipient

A

AB

Type AB blood is considered to be the universal recipient because neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies (agglutinins) are present.

84
Q

A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because

A

preformed antibodies in the recipient’s blood will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells

85
Q

what is a benefit of utilizing packed red blood cells (PRBCs)

A

PRBCs contain hemoglobin, so they are able to carry oxygen to the tissues

86
Q

if a patient’s blood type was determined to be A positive, which blood types could they receive

A

A+, A-, O+, O-

87
Q

true or false:

a person with type B could receive blood from a person with either type B or type O blood

A

true

88
Q

a person’s hematocrit shows an unusually large buffy coat, what is a likely cause for this?

A

severe infection

89
Q

a transfusion in which a patient predonates their own blood and is stored and is immediately available if needed during surgery

A

autologous transfusions

90
Q

platelet deficiency

A

thrombocytopenia

91
Q

typically genetic in origin and result in a lack of one or omore of the factors involved in the clotting cascade

A

hemophilias

92
Q

typically only given in extreme cases, when blood loss is rapid and substantial

A

whole blood transfusions

93
Q

red cells with the plasma and leukocytes removed; preferred for oxygen-restoring capacity

A

packed red blood cell transfusion

94
Q

have A surface antigens, antibodies for B blood in plasma

A

A blood

95
Q

has B surface antigens, antibodies for A blood in plasma

A

B blood

96
Q

has AB surface antigens, no antibodies in plasma

A

AB blood

97
Q

contains no surface antigens, antibodies for A and B in plasma

A

O blood

98
Q

results from clotting in undamaged vessels

A

thromboembolytic conditions

99
Q

clot in a vessel

A

thrombus

100
Q

a floating clot

A

embolus

101
Q
  • truly cells, about 1% of blood by volume
  • hormones and other stressors can stimulate production in bone marrow (leukopoiesis)
  • 5,000-11,000/uL
A

leukocytes (WBCs)

102
Q

heme is broken down into … in the small intestine and iron is recycled; globins also recycled

A

bilirubin

103
Q

the movement of leukocytes out of the blood vessels and into the site of an immune response

A

diapedesis

104
Q

WBC count above 11,000/uL

A

leukocytosis

105
Q

WBC count below 4800/uL

A

leukopenia

106
Q

during fibrinolysis, after healing, the clot will begin to dissolve, partially through the help of which enzyme

A

plasmin

107
Q
  • once a clot has formed over a tear, actomyosin moleucles in the platelets begin to contract and draw the edges of the wound together
  • fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells are stimulated by PDGF and begin laying down new matrix
  • epithelial cells create endolthelial lining
  • begins abut 30-60 min after a clot has formed
A

clot retraction

108
Q

steps of hemostasis via clotting

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
109
Q
  • contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels surrounding an injury forms a temporary tourniquet
  • allows the platelet plug to begin forming in the damaged area
  • response can last up to 30 min
A

vascular spasm

110
Q
  • platelets adhere to underlying connective tissue (collagen) in damaged blood vessels
  • as they accumulate they release prostaglandins, ADP, and other chemicals
  • work well to fix the many small tears that occur in smaller vessels and capillaries each day
  • once this is formed, then coagulation can begin
A

platelet plug formation

111
Q
  • extrinsic and intrinsic pathways work together to form a clot through the formation of activated thrombin and fibrin proteins
  • factor X must be present to activate prothrombin factor to make thrombin
  • thrombin converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin, which acts as a glue to cover platelet plug
A

coagulation

112
Q

what two enzymes are needed to make thrombin

A

factor X and prothrombin activator

113
Q

an enzyme that converts inactive fibrinogen into activated fibrin

A

thrombin

114
Q

clots would spread throughout the body from the site fo injury if not for

A

anticoagulants such as antithrombin and heparin

115
Q

blood. normally flows smoothly along the … of blood vessels

A

endothelium

116
Q

if the endothelium is torn or damaged then what must occur?

A

a clot must form

117
Q

what happens if a clot does not form?

A

a positive feedback pathway can result which leads to decreasing blood volume and eventually death

118
Q

formation of new WBCs from hemocytoblasts

A

leukopoiesis

119
Q

progenitor cell of eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils

A

myeloblasts

120
Q

white blood cell production is typically stimulated by

A

hormonal factors

121
Q

progenitor cell of lymphocytes

A

lymphoblasts

122
Q

progenitor cell of monocytes

A

monoblast

123
Q
  • 150,000-400,000/uL
  • fragments of megakaryocytes
  • essential for proper clotting at the site of a wound and most often counted in with RBCs
  • utilizes clotting chemicals such as serotonin, calcium, enzymes, PDGF
  • last for about 9-10 days
A

platelets

124
Q
  • 3-8% of WBCs
  • largest WBC
  • nucleus generally kidney shaped
  • voracious phagocyte that acts in long-term cleanup of chronic infections
  • macrophages in lymph tissue
  • important for activating lymphocytes during immune response
A

monocytes

125
Q
  • smallest WBC
  • nucleus generally spherical and takes up most of cells
  • about 20-30% of WBCs
  • T-cells and B-cells
A

lymphocytes

126
Q

directly attack antigens during the immune response, mainly viruses and tumor cells

A

T cells

127
Q

produce antibodies that are released into the blood

A

B cells

128
Q
  • large round nuclei with no granules in cytoplasm
  • more abundant in lymphoid tissue than blood
A

agranulocytes

129
Q

what is the abundancy of wbcs in order from most to least

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

130
Q

multi-lobed nuclei with granules in cytoplasm

A

granulocytes

131
Q
  • most abundant WBC (50-70%), nucleus has 3-5 lobes
  • numbers increase during acute infections (usually bacterial in origin)
  • phagocytose bacteria and some fungi
  • destroy them by respiratory burst, creates bleaches and peroxides
A

neutrophils

132
Q
  • 1-4% of WBCs, nucleus often bi-lobed or figure 8 shaped
  • cytoplasm dyes red in presence of eosin (acidic)
  • usually higher during allergic responses or parasite attacks
  • moderate inflammatory process in allergic responses by digesting immune complexes
  • surround and destroy parasitic worms w/ enzymes
A

eosinophils

133
Q
  • <1% of WBC
  • large U or S shaped nucleus, stains blue in presence of basic dyes
  • releases histamine, which increases inflammation by causing vasodilation, as well as heparin
  • release chemotaxic factors
  • similar to mast cells found in connective tissue
A

basophils

134
Q

caused by blood loss, treated by replacing blood (could result after stab wound)

A

hemorrhagic anemia

135
Q
  • erythrocytes rupture, or lyse, prematurely
  • hemoglobin abnormalities, transfusion of mismatched blood, and certain bacterial and parasitic infections are possible causes
A

hemolytic anemia

136
Q

may result from destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by certain drugs and chemicals, ionizing radiation, or viruses

A

aplastic anemia

137
Q

insufficient hemoglobin per RBC

A

iron deficient anemia

138
Q

lack of intrinisic factor + vitamin B12

A

pernicious anemia

139
Q

caused by faulty globin chains

A

thalassemias

140
Q
  • genetic disease caused by a substitution of a single amino acid during transcription
  • causes cell to become stiff and elongated due to malformed hemoglobin
A

sickle cell anemia

141
Q

causes of excessive RBCs

A
  • polycythemia vera
  • blood doping
  • dehydration
142
Q

excessive RBCs caused by marrow cancer

A

polycythemia vera

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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