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A+P 2 > Lab Quiz 8: Digestive System Anatomy > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 8: Digestive System Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

composed of a hollow tube that runs from the mouth to the anus and is technically “outside” the body

A

digestive tract (ailmentary canal)

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2
Q

organs that are part of the digestive tract

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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3
Q

secrete digestive products into the canal

A

accessory organs

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4
Q

accessory organs of the digestive system

A
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • salivary glands
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5
Q

functions:
* secretion of mucous and enzymes
* absorption, protection (bacteria, enzymes)

A

mucosa

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6
Q

made up of connective tissue, contains the parasympathetic submucosal plexus

A

submucosa

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7
Q

smooth muscle, inner layer = circular, outer layer = longitudinal; contains myenteric plexus

A

muscularis

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8
Q

what types of fibers does the muscularis contain

A

parasympathetic fibers

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9
Q

functions to reduce friction and helps anchor organs in place

A

serosa (visceral peritoneum)

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10
Q

types of digestion

A

mechanical and chemical

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11
Q

functions of the digestive system

A
  1. ingestion (followed by propulsion)
  2. digestion (mechanical and chemical)
  3. absorption
  4. defecation
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12
Q

blood supply for the alimentary canal would come from

A
  • celiac trunk (gastric, hepatic, splenic a.)
  • superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

arise from abdominal aorta

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13
Q

the alimentary canal begins where

A

oral cavity

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14
Q

which bones form the hard palate

A
  • palatine bone
  • palatine process of maxilla
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15
Q

what is meant by the 2123 dental formula

A
  • 2 incisors
  • one canine
  • 2 premolars
  • three molars

in each quadrant

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16
Q

which cranial nerve controls the tongue

A

hypoglossal (CN XII)

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17
Q

the swallowing reflex is initiated in which region of the body

A

pharynx

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18
Q

common passageway for food and air

A

pharynx

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19
Q

entrance into stomach from esophagus

A

gastroesophageal junction

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20
Q
  • about 10in long
  • lies posterior to trachea against spine
A

esophagus

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21
Q

the superior esophagus is made up of what type of muscle

A

skeletal

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22
Q

the inferior esophagus is made up of what type of muscle

A

smooth

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23
Q

the esophagus is lined with what type of epithelia

A

stratified squamous

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24
Q

most of the organs of the abdominal cavity are covered with a serous membrane called

A

the peritoneum

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25
Q

blockage of any pancreatic structures and can lead to the digestion of pancreas by its own enzymes

A

pancreatitis

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26
Q

opening into the small intestine from the pancreas

A

major duodenal papilla

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27
Q
  • lies posterior to stomach in the retroperitoneal space with its head projecting near the duodenum
  • produces many important enzymes that are used in the small intestine
A

pancreas

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28
Q

pathway for pancreatic enzymes, joins the common bile duct as the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)

A

pancreatic duct

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29
Q

a sphincter that leads from the ampulla of Vater and allows digestive products into the small intestine

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)

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30
Q

salivary glands

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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31
Q

what are the perfect conditions for gallstones

A
  • fair
  • fat
  • forty
  • female
  • fertile

5 Fs

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32
Q

pathway of the release of bile

A
  1. cystic duct
  2. hepatic duct (liver)
  3. common bile duct
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33
Q
  • hangs from the inferior surface of the liver
  • stores and concentrates bile
A

gallbladder

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34
Q

emulsifies fat

A

bile

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35
Q

attaches liver to diaphragm

A

falciform ligament

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36
Q

anterior to ear, empties above second molar

A

parotid gland

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37
Q

inside arch of the mandible, empties under the tongue

A

submandibular gland

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38
Q
  • under the tongue, empties under the tongue
  • secretes mucin and salivary amylase which begins the digestion of starches
A

sublingual gland

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39
Q

lobes of the liver (4)

A

right, left, caudate, quadrate

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40
Q

true or false

you can live without a lobe of your liver

A

true

41
Q

the liver receives blood from digestive organs via

A

the hepatic portal vein

42
Q

blood to the liver is supplied from

A

the celiac trunk (hepatic a.)

43
Q

muscularis layer reduced to 3 longitudeinal bands in the Large Intestine

A

teniae coli

44
Q

small pocket-like sacs created when teniae coli contract (folds)

A

haustra

45
Q

functions of the large intestine

A
  • consolidate and move unusable fecal material out of the body
  • site of vitamin B and K manufacture by bacteria
  • reclaims most water and some electrolytes from undigested food
46
Q

pathway of the external large intestine

A
  1. cecum
  2. ascending colon
  3. hepatic flexure
  4. transverse colon
  5. splenic fissure
  6. descending colon
  7. sigmoid colon
  8. rectum
  9. anus
47
Q

fats are absorbed into specialized lymphatic structures here

A

lacteals

48
Q
  • lies in LUQ
  • J-shaped with 4 major regions: cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
A

stomach

49
Q

mucosa of the stomach is composed of what type of epithelia

A

simple columnar epithelia

50
Q

2 valves of the stomach

A

cardiac sphincter (LES) and pyloric sphincter

51
Q

attachment of omenta is where on the stomach

A

greater and lesser curvatures

52
Q

inreases surface area, contains gastric pits

A

rugae of the stomach

53
Q

which layer of the stomach has an added oblique layer to add to the churning action of teh stomach

A

muscularis

54
Q

parts of the duodenum

A
  • hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter
  • major duodenal papilla
55
Q

responsible for digestion and absorption; first 12” of the small intestine

A

duodenum

56
Q

responsible for digestion and absorption; middle 6’ of the small intestine

A

jejunum

57
Q

responsible for compaction and absorption; last part of the small intestine

A

ileum

58
Q

located between the ileum (SI) and cecum (LI)

A

ileocecal valve

59
Q

functions of the pilcae circularis, villi, microvilli in SI

A

increase surface area

60
Q

hydrolytic enzymes bound to microvilli and used in digestion

A

brush border of the SI

61
Q

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are broken down to their component molecules and absorbed through where

A

Villi of SI

62
Q
  • the upper esophageal sphincter is contracted (closed)
  • the tongue presses hard against the hard palate, forcing the food bolus into the oropharynx
A

buccal phase of movement of food into the stomach

63
Q
  • the tongue blocks the mouth
  • the soft palate and its uvula rise, closing off the nasopharynx
  • the larynx rises so that the epiglottis blocks the trachea
  • the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes; food enters the esophagus
  • constrictor muscles of the pharynx contract, forcing food into esophagus inferiorly
  • upper esophageal sphincter contracts after food enters
A

pharyngeal-esophageal phase of movement of food to the stomach

64
Q

moves food through the esophagus to the stomach

A

peristalsis

65
Q

final stage of food moving to the stomach

A

gastroesophageal sphincter surrounding the cardial orifice opens; after food enters the stomach, the sphincter closes, preventing regurgitation

66
Q

secretions from the stomach

A
  • mucus
  • hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  • pepsinogen
  • gastrin
67
Q

secrete gastrin

A

enteroendocrine cells

68
Q

important for hunger response and stomach motility

A

gastrin

69
Q

secrete pepsinogen

A

chief cells

70
Q

important for protein digestion

A

chief cells

71
Q

secrete HCl

A

parietal cells

72
Q

important for protein digestion, and intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 absorption

A

parietal cells

73
Q

secretes mucus

A

mucous cells

74
Q

coats and protects the stomach lining

A

mucus

75
Q

which cranial nerves carry taste information

A

CN VII, CN IX, CN X

facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus respectively

76
Q

are salivary glands sympathetic or parasympathetically controlled?

A

parasympathetically

77
Q

sum of all biological reactions happening in the body

A

metabolism

78
Q

types of metabolism

A
  • catabolism
  • anabolism
78
Q

reactions that break larger molecules down into smaller parts; releases energy

A

catabolism

78
Q

are molecules that:
* are not changed or destroyed in a chemical rxn
* lower energy needed to break bonds of reactants (activation energy)
* speed up the rate of a reaction

A

catalysts

79
Q

reactions used to build larger molecules from smaller precursors; uses energy

A

anabolism

80
Q
  • accomplished by enzymes that act as catalysts
  • breaking of chemical bonds using water, which hold the molecules of food together (chemical digestion)
A

hydrolysis

81
Q

most common forms of lipid in the body

A

triglycerides

other forms include cholesterol, phospholipids, and steroids

82
Q

which enzyme is present in the small intestine and what does it digest

A

pancreatic proteases: digest peptides into amino acids (located in duodenum)
brush border proteases: digests tri-, di- peptides into amino acids (located in brush border)

83
Q
  • nonpolar
  • glycerol + fatty acids
  • storage molecules that yield 2x as much energy as other macromolecules when catabolized
A

lipids

84
Q

bile digests what molecule and where

A

lipids into glycerol and fatty acids and some monoglycerides; located in duodenum of small intestine

85
Q

pancreatic lipases digest what where

A

emulsified lipids into glycerol and fatty acids and some monoglycerides in the duodenum of the small intestine

86
Q

what is meant by specificity when referring to enzymes

A

enzymes have a specific 3D shape that is designed to fit molecules involved in only one type of reaction

87
Q

what is meant by efficiency when referring to enzymes

A

most cellular reactions proceed at a rate 1.0 x 10^6 times faster with enzymes

88
Q

factors that determine enzyme efficiency

A
  • temperature
  • pH
  • concentration
  • specificity
89
Q

what is meant by concentration when referring to enzymes

A

higher [enzyme] = increased rxn rate

90
Q

what happens if the environment an enzyme is in is too acidic or basic

A

enzyme denatures

91
Q

what happens when an enzyme’s environment is too hot

A

enzyme denatures

92
Q

what happens when an enzyme’s environment is too cold

A

enzyme is inhibited

93
Q

plant-derived polysaccharides

A

starches, cellulose

94
Q

animal derived polysaccharides

A

glycogen

95
Q

polysaccharides are digested where using what enzyme

A
  • where: oral cavity
  • enzyme: salivary amylase
96
Q

tri/disaccharides are digested where using what enzyme

A

where: duodenum of small intestine
enzyme: pancreatic amylase

97
Q

sucrose, maltose, lactose are digested where and with what enzyme

A
  • where: brush border of the small intestine
  • enzyme: brush border amylase

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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