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A+P 2 > Chapter 19 (Lecture) > Flashcards

Chapter 19 (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

hardening of the arteries

A

arteriosclerosis

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2
Q

deposition of material in the walls of arteries to form plaques

A

atherosclerosis

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3
Q

causes of atherosclerosis

A

wearing out over time, pathological due to smoking, high cholesterol, fat consumption, autoimmune disease, genetics

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4
Q
  • made up of endothelia and a basement membrane of CT
  • blood flows smoothly along this layer
A

tunica intima

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5
Q
  • the middle layer, contains smooth muscle arranged circularly for regulating blood flow
  • can be regulated to constrict or dilate the lumen
  • supplied with sympathetic nerve endings (exception being clitoris and penis)
A

tunica media

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6
Q

decreases blood supply

A

vasoconstriction

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7
Q

increases blood supply

A

vasodilation

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8
Q
  • have thicker walls than veins due to more smooth muscle
  • carry blood away from the heart
  • have more elasticity
A

arteries

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9
Q

classes of arteries

A
  • elastic
  • muscular
  • arterioles
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10
Q

blood containing space of the blood vessel

A

lumen

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11
Q

a system of tiny blood vessels that nourish the more external tissues of the blood vessel wall

A

vasa vasorum

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12
Q

the volume of blood flowing through a vessel or organ

A

blood flow

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13
Q

the force per unit area that blood exerts on a vessel

A

blood pressure

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14
Q
  • opposition to flow in a blood vessel
  • most important effector of both blood pressure and flow
A

resistance

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15
Q

change in blood pressure / resistance

A

blood flow equation

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16
Q

factors that impact flow and pressure

A
  • blood viscosity
  • blood vessel length
  • blood vessel diameter
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17
Q

how to calculate blood vessel diameter

A

R = 1/(r)^4

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18
Q

what anastamose to form brachocephalics

A

subclavians and internal jugulars

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19
Q

supplies the ascending the transverse colons, and most of the small intestine

A

superior mesenteric artery

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20
Q

supplies the descending and sigmoid colons and rectum

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

paired branches of the abdominal aorta

A
  • renal
  • suprarenal
  • gonadal
  • iliacs
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22
Q

unpaired branches of the abnominal aorta

A
  • celiac trunk
  • mesenteric
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23
Q

composed of blood from two different sources: internal carotids and vertebrals

A

circle of willis

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24
Q

all systemic arteries can be traced back to

A

the left ventricle

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25
Q

true or false: arteries run superficial and deep

A

false

arteries only run deep

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26
Q

which pathways are more interconnected and variable

A

venous pathways

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27
Q

which systems have distinct drainage systems

A

brain and digestive system

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28
Q

causes vasoconstriction

A

excess oxygen and nutrients

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29
Q

contains the endothelium (made up of simple squamous epithelium)

A

tunica intima

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30
Q

inhibits fibrinolysis by competing w/ plasminogen and may contribute to the formatin of atherosclerotic plaques

A

lipoprotein

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31
Q

a vessel that is an intermediate between the arteriole and the capillary bed

A

metarteriole

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32
Q

reduction in the lumen diameter of a blood vessel as the smooth muscle contracts

A

vasoconstriction

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33
Q

thick-walled, large vessels near the heart that conduct blood continuously away from the heart

A

elastic arteries

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34
Q

smallest of the vessels that lead into capillary beds

A

arterioles

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35
Q

smaller vessels that distribute blood to specific body organs

A

muscular arteries

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36
Q

vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction

A

tunica media

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37
Q

what is the correct sequence of layers in the vessel wall from outside to inside

A

tunica externa –> tunica media –> tunica intima

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38
Q

which vessels have a tunica media with relatively more smooth muscle than elastic tissue, and an elastic membrane on each face of the tunica media

A

muscular arteries

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39
Q

which blood vessels have the proportionally thickest tunica media of all vessels

A

distributing arteries

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40
Q

which layer of the artery wall is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and many hormones

A

middle layer

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41
Q

blood flows directly from …. into capillary beds

A

arterioles

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42
Q

the endothelium is composed of

A

simple squamous epithelium

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43
Q

prefix meaning blood vessels

A

vaso-

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44
Q

prefix meaning osmosis or osmotic

A

osmo-

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45
Q

prefix meaning layer of tissue

A

tunic-

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46
Q

prefix pertaining to hair

A

capill-

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47
Q

prefix meaning artery

A

arterio-

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48
Q

innermost layer of blood vessels made of endothelial tissue

A

tunica intima

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49
Q

blood flow into a capillary bed is regulated by

A

the precapillary sphincter

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50
Q

reduction in the diameter of a blood vessel is called … and typically results in …

A

vasoconstriction; an increase in blood pressure

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51
Q

the pressure of nondiffusable molecules pulling water to them

A

colloid osmotic pressure

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52
Q

small arteries that are dilated or constricted to control peripheral resistance, and thus blood pressure

A

arterioles

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53
Q

only found in arteries to help absorb the shock of the heartbeat and return the vessel to its natural size

A

elastic membranes

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54
Q

supply the lungs

A

pulmonary blood vessels

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55
Q
A
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56
Q
  • supply all of the body except the lungs
  • are distensible
  • contain a large proportion of the blood volume
A

systemic veins

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57
Q

why are veins called capitance vesses or blood reservoirs

A

because they contain can hold more blood than corresponding arteries

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58
Q

pathway of capillaries

A
  1. terminal arteriole
  2. metaarteriole
  3. postcapillary venule
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59
Q

types of capillaries

A
  • continuous capillary
  • fenestrated capillary
  • sinusoid capillary
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60
Q
  • least permeable in most common
  • abundant in skin, muscles, and CNS
  • intercellular clefts between endothelial cells (exception in the brain)
  • pinocytotic vesicles
A

continous capillary

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61
Q
  • have large fenestrations (pores) that increase permeability
  • occur in areas of active filtration or absorption, and areas of endocrine hormone secretion
A

fenestrated capillary

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62
Q
  • the most permeable capillaries that occur in limited locations (liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla)
  • have large intercellular clefts, fenestrations, few gap junctions, incomplete basement membranes
  • irregularly shaped, have larger lumens than other capillaries
  • allow large molecules to pass through
A

sinusoid capillary

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63
Q

what happens when the precapillary sphincters open

A

blood flows through true capillaries

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64
Q

what happens when the precapillary sphincters are closed

A

blood flows through the metarteriole–throroughfare channel and bypasses true capillaries

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65
Q

factors that impact blood flow and blood pressure

A
  • blood viscosity
  • blood vessel length
  • blood vessel diameter
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66
Q

resistance is caused by

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation mainly of arteries

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67
Q

what units are blood pressure measured in

A

mmHg

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68
Q

what unit is blood flow measured in

A

mL/min

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69
Q

how do we calculate total resistance in the body

A

Cardiac Output = BP / R

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70
Q

true or false: systemic blood pressure drops over distance from the heart

A

true

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71
Q

pulse pressure (PP) =

A

systolic BP - diastolic BP

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72
Q

mean arterial pressure =

A

diastolic pressure (DP) + (pulse pressure / 3)

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73
Q

why is mean arterial pressure highly skewed

A

to reflect that the heart spends more time in diastole than in systole

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74
Q

why does mean arterial pressure vary

A

depends on whether you are sitting, standing, or reclining

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75
Q

most systemic capillaries have an arterial pressure between

A

35-45 mmHg

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76
Q
  • is due to fluid pressing against a wall
  • “pushes” fluid out of capillary into interstitial fluid and vice versa
A

hydrostatic pressure (HP)

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77
Q

by the time blood is returned to veins it has a blood pressure between

A

5-15 mmHg

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78
Q

how is it possible for venous return to equal cardiac output?

A
  • structural modifications
  • respiratory pump
  • muscular pump
  • gravity
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79
Q

change in blood pressure =

A

cardiac output x resistance

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80
Q

when the ventricles contract (~120 mmHg)

A

systolic bp

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81
Q

when the heart relaxes (~80 mmHg)

A

diastolic bp

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82
Q

systemic blood pressure is normally

A

120/80 mmHg

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83
Q

why is the difference in presures necessary

A

to keep moving from areas of higher to lower pressure

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84
Q

aortic pressure =

A

100 mmHg

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85
Q

arterial capillary pressure =

A

30 mmHg

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86
Q

as blood travels farther from the heart,

A

its flow is greater and its pressure drops

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87
Q

if resistance goes down,

A

blood flow increases

88
Q

if resistance goes up,

A

blood flow decreases

89
Q
  • very superficial on the medial side of the leg and empties into the femoral vein
  • often used as a graft in coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG)
A

greater saphenous vn

90
Q

superficial vein on the lateral side of the leg

A

small saphenous vn.

91
Q

superficial veins of the lower limb

A
  • greater saphenous vn
  • smaller saphenous vn
92
Q

deeper veins of the lower limb

A
  • digital veins
  • venous arches
  • fibular, anterior and posterior tibial vein
  • femoral vein
  • external iliac vein
93
Q

venous pathway of the deeper lower limb veins

A
  1. digital veins
  2. venous arches
  3. fibular, anterior and posterior tibial vein
  4. femoral vein
  5. external iliac vein
94
Q

hepatic veins empty into

A

the inferior vena cava

95
Q

a specialized vascular system that begins and ends with a capillary bed

A

portal system

96
Q

which veins join to form the hepatic portal vein

A

mesenteric veins, gastric veins, and splenic veins

97
Q

drains blood from the small and large intestines, pancreas, spleen, and stomach

A

hepatic portal vein

98
Q

what happens to blood when it is in the liver sinusoids

A

it detoxifies and removes nutrients before releasing the blood via the hepatic veins

99
Q

what does the ascending lumbar veins empty into

A

the hemiazygos vein

100
Q

what are the paired veins of the abdomen and where do they empty into

A
  • renals, gonadals, adrenals
  • empty into ivc
101
Q

what is the pelvis drained by

A

internal iliac (joins common iliac and forms IVC)

102
Q

which two veins join on the posterior of the chest wall and empty into the SVC

A

azygos and hemiazygos veins

103
Q

the site of blood draws

A

median cubital vein

104
Q

venous pathway of the superficial veins of the upper limb

A
  1. cephalic
  2. median cubital vein
  3. basilic vein
  4. axillary vein
  5. subclavian vein
105
Q

venous pathway of the deep veins of the upper limb

A
  1. radial and ulnar veins
  2. brachial veins
  3. axillary vein
  4. subclavian vein
106
Q

venous pathway of the hand

A
  1. digital veins
  2. palmar arches
  3. basilic vein
  4. axillary vein
  5. subclavian vein
107
Q

drains posterior head and neck superficially and empties into subclavian veins

A

external jugular veins

108
Q

left and right drain into the SVC

A

brachiocephalic veins

109
Q

join the subclavians to form the brachiocephalic veins

A

internal jugular veins

110
Q

drain into internal jugulars

A

venous sinuses

111
Q

drain blood from the heart wall

A

cornonary sinus

112
Q

drain the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs

A

inferior vena cava

113
Q

drain the head, neck, thorax, upper limbs

A

superior vena cava

114
Q

when is pressure created

A

when flow is opposed by resistance

115
Q

peak pressure generated by ventricular contraction

A

systolic bp

116
Q

resting pressure of blood in the arteries when the ventricles relax

A

diastolic bp

117
Q

what is the MAP in large arteries

A

~90-93 mmHg

118
Q

by the time blood reaches the terminal arterioles the pressure has dropped to

A

35-45 mmHg due to resistance

119
Q

what would too high of a pressure do to thin capillary membranes

A

damage

120
Q

blood pressure pushing filtrate out

A

hydrostatic pressure

121
Q

arteries are primarily named for

A

the regions they serve

122
Q

when the external iliac crosses the inguinal line, it becomes

A

the femoral artery

123
Q

arterial pathway of the lower limb

A
  1. femoral artery
  2. popliteal artery
  3. ant. and post. tibial artery
  4. fibular artery
124
Q

the anterior tibial artery becomes what on the dorsum of the foot

A

dorsal pedis artery

125
Q

the common iliacs become

A

the internal and external iliacs

126
Q

become the arteries of the lower limb

A

external iliac artery

127
Q

supplies the pelvic organs, bladder, and rectum

A

internal iliac artery

128
Q

the abdominal aorta terminates as

A

the right and left common iliac arteries

129
Q

unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta

A

celiac trunk (hepatic a., gastric a., and splenic a.), and mesenterics

130
Q

supply blood to the intestines

A

superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

131
Q

branches of the thoracic aorta

A
  • bronchial arteries
  • posterior intercostals
132
Q

blood pressure ranges from what to what in the venous end of the capillary

A

0-20 mmHg

133
Q

what occurs in the venous end of the capillaries

A
  • fluid is returned vial blood colloid osmotic pressure (i.e. oncotic pressure)
  • very little hydrostatic prssure at this end
  • about 90% of the plasma that leaves at the arterial end is returned at the venous end
134
Q

what is the net filtration pressure out of the arterial end

A

10 mmHg

135
Q

what is the net filtration pressure into the venous end

A

-8 mmHg

136
Q

what are structural modifications to venous blood pressure

A

large lumens and valves to prevent backflow

137
Q

what is meant by a respiratory pump in relation to venous blood pressure

A

abdominal pressure increases during breathing and squeezes veins, forcing blood upward through valves toward the heart

138
Q

above the heart, what plays an important role in venous return?

A

gravity

139
Q

what is meant by the muscular pump in relation to venous blood pressure

A

as skeletal muscles contract and expand, they squeeze surrounding veins and “milk” the blood up through the valves

140
Q

hormonal regulators of blood pressure

A
  • adrenal medulla hormones (NE, Epi)
  • angiotensin II
  • ADH
  • ANH
  • NO
141
Q

what affect do adrenal hormones (NE, Epi) have on blood pressure

A

increase blood pressure

142
Q

what is the effect of angiotensin II on blood pressure

A

increases blood pressure

143
Q

what is the effect of ADH

A

increases water retention and increases blood pressure

144
Q

what is the effect of ANH

A

increases water loss and decreases blood pressure

145
Q

a major vasodilator, mainly in vessels leading to genitalia; localized hormone-like substance, acts as a major vasodilator to decrease BP

A

nitrous oxide

146
Q

nervous system regulators of blood pressure

A
  • vasomotor centers
  • sympathetic innervation of blood vessels
  • baroreceptors
147
Q

responsible for smooth motor tone in many blood vessels

A

vasomotor centers in brainstem

148
Q

where does blood spend the majority of its time

A

systemic veins and venules

149
Q

what will increase tone in most blood vessels

A

increasing sympathetic output

150
Q

vasomotor center steps

A
  • brain (vasomotor center)
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • vasomotor tone
  • NE controls tone in most blood vessels
151
Q

located in arteries near the heart

A

baroreceptors

152
Q

what does increased BP cause

A

parasympathetic stimulation to decrease HR

153
Q

decreased blood pressure does what

A

activates sympathetic nerves and increases HR and SV

154
Q

arterial pathway of the upper limb

A
  1. subclavian a.
  2. axillary a.
  3. brachial a.
  4. radial and ulnar a.
  5. superficial and deep palmar arches
  6. terminal digital a.
155
Q

where does the brachial artery bifurcate

A

above the antecubital fossa

156
Q

the division of something into two branches or parts

A

bifurcation

157
Q
A
158
Q
  • essentially a backup system composed of internal carotids and vertebrals
A

circle of willis

159
Q

right and left vertebrals fuse into the

A

basilar artery

160
Q

the basilar artery splits to become the

A

posterior cerebral arteries

161
Q

the internal carotids give off what that anastomose with the basilar artery

A

posterior communicating arteries

162
Q

the internal carotids also give off the …, which join the anterior communicating to finish the circle

A

anterior communicating arteries

163
Q

splits into the right subclavian, and right common carotid

A

brachiocephalic trunk

164
Q

splits into the external and internal carotids

A

common carotid arteries

165
Q

supplies superficial face and head

A

external carotid artery

166
Q

supplies deeper structures of the head and brain

A

internal carotid artery

167
Q

supplies the shoulder and upper arm

A

subclavian artery

168
Q

what is the order in which the arteries come off of the aortic arch

A
  1. brachiocephalic
  2. left common carotid
  3. left subclavian
169
Q

what is the first branch at the base of the aorta (ascending)

A

coronary arteries

170
Q

arteries that extend from the aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian

171
Q

abdominal aorta terminates as the

A

common iliac arteries

172
Q

branches of the descending aorta

A

thoracic and abdominal

173
Q

what causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water and raise volume and pressure

A

decreased blood pressure and/or blood volume

174
Q

activates the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

decreased blood pressure and/or blood volume

175
Q

what is the goal of the renin-angiotensin mechanism

A

increase blood pressure

176
Q

an enzyme secreted by the kidneys when blood pressure drops

A

renin

177
Q

myogenic regulators of blood flow

A
  • increased stretch (pressure) in blood vessel walls will cause vessels to constrict and reduce flow into a tissue or organ
  • reduced stretch (pressure) in blood vessel walls will cause vessels to dilate and increase blood flow to an organ
178
Q

cause a relaxation of precapillary sphincters and increase blood flow to the tissue

A

increases in vasodilator substances such as CO2, lactic acid, prostaglandins, histamine, nitrous oxide

179
Q

an extremely powerful vasodilator that is released by many endothelial cells

A

nitric oxide

180
Q

cause precapillary sphincters to contract and reroute the blood to other more needy tissues

A

increases in vasodilators (O2 and endothelins)

181
Q

tissue perfusion is essential for

A
  • delivery of oxygen to tissues
  • gas exchange in the lungs
  • absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract
  • proper urine formation
182
Q

during physical activity, blood flow is directed away from which region and goes where

A
  • away from digestive and urinary functions
  • into skeletal muscles and heart
183
Q

metabolic factors in blood flow

A
  • increase in vasodilators
  • increase in vasoconstrictors
184
Q

renin converts angiotensinogen in the plasma into

A

angiotensin I

185
Q

what converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) in the lungs

186
Q
  • a powerful vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure
  • stimulates aldosterone release by the adrenal glands so that more sodium and water will be reabsorbed in the kidneys, thus increasing BP
A

angiotensin II

187
Q

when aldosterone is released,

A

bp increases

188
Q

characteristic of veins but not arteries

A

large internal diameter

189
Q

true or false:

arteries always carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart

A

false

190
Q

Varicose veins seen in the superficial veins of the legs are unsightly and are often treated by surgical removal. However, even without these veins being present, the return of all blood toward the heart from the legs is not diminished. This is primarily because

A

blood can still return via the deep veins

191
Q

As the kidneys filter blood, it is necessary for both fluid and dissolved chemicals in the plasma to be rapidly removed without the removal of larger proteins or cells. Which capillary would be best suited for this filtration

A

fenestrated capillaries

192
Q

most common capillaries in the body

A

continuous capillaries

193
Q

factors that aid venous return

A
  • venous valves
  • pressure changes in the thorax
  • activity of skeletal muscles
194
Q

what would decrease total peripheral resistance to blood flow

A

decreasing hematocrit

195
Q

Blood flow is __…______ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ____…____ proportional to the total peripheral resistance

A

directly; inversely

196
Q

which vessels sustain a drop in pressure from approx 35 mmHg to around 17 mmHg

A

capillaries

197
Q

systolic bp - diastolic bp =

A

pulse pressure

198
Q

possible consequences of low blood pressure on capillary function

A
  • MAP would not be high enough for adequate capillary exchange to occur
  • tissues become ischemic because of lack of adequate perfusion
199
Q

effect of atrial natiuretic peptide (ANP)

A

decreases bp (decreases blood volume) by reducing sympathetic vasomotor response

200
Q

true or false:

decreased output from the vasomator center allows arterioles and veins to constrict

A

false

Decreased output from the vasomotor center allows arterioles and veins to dilate (not constrict). The vasomotor center uses the sympathetic nervous system to stimulate contraction of vascular smooth muscle, which results in constriction of arteries (vasoconstriction) and veins (venoconstriction). While increased output from the vasomotor center results in constriction of these vessels, decreased output results in dilation

201
Q

A muscle that is being regularly contracted during exercise will attract blood flow by dilating arterioles. Which factor would contribute to this effect?

A

increased levels of CO2

201
Q

true or false:

osmotic pressure is fairly constant along the entire length of a capillary bed

A

true

202
Q

For a special (mesenteric) capillary, each true capillary, where it branches from the metarteriole, is surrounded by a precapillary sphincter. These sphincters are controlled only by

A

local chemical conditions

203
Q

expected responses to a drop in MAP

A
  • increased thirst
  • secretion of aldosterone
  • release of renin from the kidneys
204
Q

how would baroreceptor reflexes respond to a fall in blood pressure

A

vasomotor center would increase sympathetic output to arterial smooth muscle to increase TPR (total peripheral resistance)

205
Q

which organs experience a decrease in blood flow during exercise

A

kidneys and GI tract

directed toward muscles, heart, and skin

206
Q

reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by

A

decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

207
Q

which vessels will return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart to complete the pulmonary circuit

A

pulmonary vein

208
Q

a blood clot in the first branch of the aorta would affect the blood flow to the

A

right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

209
Q

true or false

an obstruction in the SVC would decrease the flow of the blood from the head and neck to the heart

A

true

210
Q

true or false:

Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.

A

false

211
Q

the abdominal aorta splits into which vessels

A

R and L common iliac arteries

212
Q
  • consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together
  • its major vesssels are the S. mesenteric, I. mesenteric, and splenic veins
  • carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing
A

hepatic portal system

213
Q

from what artery does the right common carotid arise

A

brachiocephalic trunk

found only on the right side of the body, and it splits to form the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. These two arteries arise independently from the aorta on the left side of the body.

214
Q

originates on the medial foot and empties into the femoral vein

A

great saphenous vn

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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