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A+P 2 > Chapter 20 (Lecture) > Flashcards

Chapter 20 (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

what parts of the lymphatic system makes it easy to collect fluid

A

loose endothelial valves

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2
Q
  • run alongside deeper arteries and veins
  • an elaborate network of drainage vessels that collect the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
A

lymph vessels

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3
Q

which lymphatic ducts empty into the subclavian veins

A

thoracic and R. lymphatic ducts

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4
Q

general functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • fluid balance (3L a day returned to circulation)
  • fat absorption (lacteals located in villi of intestines)
  • defense (immune function)
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5
Q
  • returns lymph from the right half of the thorax, the right half of the head and the right arm
  • enters the right subclavian vein
A

right lymphatic duct

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6
Q
  • cisterna chyli in thorax is the beginning of this duct
  • drains the legs, abdomen, left half of the thorax, left arm, and left half of the head (all but the right upper limb and right side of head and thorax)
  • empties into left subclavian vn
A

thoracic duct

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7
Q
  • formed by the coalescence of capillaries, contain valves to facilitate “one way” movement of lymph back into general circulation
  • have the same 3 layered structure as vein, but much thinner
A

lymph vessels

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8
Q
  • interspersed throughout tissues
  • have loose endothelial conditions, so they are very permeable
  • collects tissue fluid (lymph) not captured by the venous end of the capillaries (~3L a day) and returns it to venous circulation
A

lymph capillaries

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9
Q
  • round or bean shaped, range in size from 1-25mm in diameter
  • have a fibrous outer capsule, with fibrous trabeculae dividing up the inside into compartments
  • acts as a collection point for several afferent lymph vessels
  • usually only one or two efferent lymph vessels will exit
A

lymph nodes

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10
Q

the outer cortex of the lymph nodes are filled primarily with

A

B cell lymphocytes

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11
Q

the deeper medulla of the lymph nodes contain

A

both T and B cell lymphocytes

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12
Q

large clusters of lymph nodes are found close to the surface in which regions of the body

A
  • cervical
  • axillary
  • cubital
  • inguinal
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13
Q

what types of cells are found in lymph nodes

A
  • lymphocytes
  • macrophages
  • reticular cells
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14
Q
  • located in the extreme LUQ of the abdominal cavity
  • filters, cleanses, and destroys foreign substances in the blood
  • destroys worn out RBCS
  • stores iron for later use in making hemoglobin
  • acts as a blood reservoir and stores platelets
A

spleen

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14
Q

what happens to a foreign cell when it invades a node

A

lymphocytes undergo rapid proliferation at the germinal centers to deal with them

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15
Q

white pulp of the spleen is mainly

A
  • lymphocytes
  • where immune functions take place
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15
Q

red pulp of the spleen is mainly

A
  • venous sinuses and capillaries
  • where worn-out blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed
  • all splenic tissue that isn’t white pulp
  • contains splenic cords and splenic sinuses
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16
Q
  • located in the superior mediastinum, inferior to thyroid
  • increases in size until puberty then decrease until unnoticeable in adults
  • aids in developing immune system / where T cells become immunocompetent
A

thymus

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17
Q

the thymus houses what type of cells

A

T cell lymphocytes

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18
Q

prevents pathogens from invading the thymus gland and prematurely stimulating T-cell lymphocytes

A

the thymus-blood barrier

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19
Q

what effect will the removal of the thymus have on an infant

A

it will cause them to die because they never develop immunity

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20
Q
  • clear water
  • interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels (flows one-way to the heart)
A

lymph

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21
Q
  • weave between the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose connective tissues of the body
  • absent from bones (including bone marrow) and teeth
A

lymphatic capillaries

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22
Q

what happens when fluid prssure in the interstitial space is greter than the pressure in the lymphatic capillary

A

the minivalve flaps gape open, allowing fluid to enter the lymphatic capilary

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23
Q

what happens when the pressure is greater inside the lymphatic capillary

A

it forces the endothelial minivalve flaps shut, preventing lymph from leaking back out as the pressure moves it along the vessel

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24
Q

transports fat from the small intestine to the bloodstream

A

lacteals

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25
Q

fatty lymph that drains from the fingerlike villi of the intestinal mucosa

A

chyle

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26
Q

lymphatic trunks

A
  • lumbar trunks
  • bronchomediastinal trunks
  • subclavian trunks
  • jugular trunks
  • intestinal trunk
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27
Q

pathway of lymph from lymphatic capillaries

A
  1. lymphatic capillaries
  2. collecting lymphatic vessels
  3. lymphatic trunks
  4. lymphatic ducts
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28
Q

fibroblast-like cells that produce the reticular fiber stroma, which is the network that supports the other cell types in lymphoid organs and tissues

A

reticular cells

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29
Q

play a crucial role in body protection and the immune response by phagocytizing foreign substances and by helping to activate T cells

A

macrophages

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30
Q

spiny-looking cells that capture antigens and bring them back to the lymph nodes

A

dendritic cells

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31
Q

daughter cells produced by B cells that secrete antibodies into the blood

A

plasma cells

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32
Q

the main warriers of the immune system

A

lymphocytes

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33
Q

how does the thymus differ from secondary lymphoid oragans

A
  • has no follicles b/c it lacks b cells
  • does not directly fight antigens (maturation site for T lymphocyte precursors)
  • stroma consists of epithelial cells rather than reticular fibers
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34
Q

most thymic cells are

A

lymphocytes

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35
Q
  • lighter-staining medullary areas that contain fewer lymphocytes that consist of concentric whorls of keratinized epithelial cells
  • involved in the development of regulatory T cells (prevents autoimmune response)
A

thymic corpuscles

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36
Q
  • a set of distributed lymphoid tissues strategically located in mucous membranes througout the body
  • occurs in the mucosa of the respiratory and genitourinary organs as well as the rest of the digestive tract
  • help protect us from the never-ending onlaught of pathogens that seek to enter out bodies
  • tonsils, peyer’s patches, and appendix
A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

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37
Q
  • form a ring of lymphoid tissue around the entrance to the pharynx (throat), where they appear as swellings of the mucosa
  • named according to their location
A

tonsils

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38
Q

the exterior surface of the tonsil is covered by …, which invaginates into the tonsilar crypts

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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39
Q
  • located on either side at the posterior end of the oral cavity
  • largest tonsils and the ones most often infected and removed
A

palatine tonsils

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40
Q

a collective term for the lumpy collection for a lumpy collection of lymphoid follicles at the base of the tongue

A

lingual tonsil

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41
Q

the posterior wall of the nasopharynx; referred to as the adenoid

A

pharyngeal tonsil

42
Q

surround the term openings of the auditory lobes into the pharynx

A

tubal tonsils

43
Q
  • clusters of lymphoid follicles, structurally similar to the tonsils
  • located in the wall of the distal portion of the smal intestine
A

Peyer’s patches / aggregated lymphoid nodules

44
Q
  • a tubular offshoot of of the first part of the large intestine and contains a high concentration of lymphoid follicles
  • in an ideal position to prevent bacteria (present in large numbers in the intestines from breaching the intestinal wall and to generate many “memory” lymphocytes for long term immunity
A

appendix

45
Q
  • largest lymphoid organ
  • site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance, cleanses and reuses blood and blood cells
  • stores platelets and monocytes
A

spleen

46
Q

regions of reticular connective tissue, that separate the blood-filled splenic sinusoids

A

splenic cords

47
Q

arrangement of lymphatic vessels

A

a one-way system of vessels beginning with blind-ended lymphatic capillaries

48
Q

tumors that block the lymphatics or lymphatics are removed during cancer surgery may result in what condition

A

lymphedema

49
Q

which vessel transports fluid back into the blood that leaks from the vascular system

A

lymphatics

50
Q

which part of the lymphatic system is most closely associated with capillary beds

A

lymphatic capillaries

51
Q

what is the lymphatic system’s role in relation to the cardiovascular system

A

it maintains blood volume and hence, pressure

52
Q

function of lymphatic collecting vessels

A

collect lymph fluid draining from lymphatic capillaries

53
Q

lymphatic organ that cleanses the lymph

A

lymph node

54
Q

drains the lymph from the entire left side of the body and also the right abdomen and leg

A

thoracic duct

55
Q

red lines under the skin that are sensitive to touch

A

lymphangitis

56
Q
  • has same 3 tunics as veins
  • second smallest lymph vessels
  • helps maintain blood pressure
A

lymphatic collecting vessels

57
Q

smallest lymphatic vessel that collects excess tissue fluid

A

lymphatic capillary

58
Q

functions of lymphatic vessels

A
  • return of leaked proteins to blood
  • transportation of absorbed fat from the intestines to blood
  • return of tissue fluid to bloodstream
59
Q
  • a type of loose collective tissue called reticular CT
  • dominates all lymphoid organs except thymus
A

lymphoid tissue

60
Q

largest vessels; carry lymph fluid to subclavian veins

A

lymphatic ducts

61
Q

what is the function of the endothelial minivalves in lymphatic capillaries

A

increases permeability

62
Q

once collected, lymph is ultimately transported into

A

venous circulation

63
Q

what is the origin of lymph fluid

A

lymph is excess tissue fluid formed from plasma that has leaked from capillaries

64
Q

lymph traveling from the left arm would enter the venous circulation via the

A

thoracic duct

65
Q

lymph vessels transport

A
  • excess tissue fluid
  • lymphocytes
  • leaked plasma proteins
  • dietary fats
66
Q

lymph flows from lymphatic ducts directly into which of the following

A

veins

67
Q

which lymphoid cells produce antibodies

A

plasma cells

68
Q

true or false:

lymph arrives at the lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels

A

true

69
Q

true or false:

there are more efferent lymphatic vessels leaving a lymph node than there are afferent vessels entering a lymph node

A

false

70
Q

which vessel serves as the source of the spleen’s blood supply from the aorta

A

celiac trunk

the splenic artery brunches from the celiac trunk

71
Q

functions of the spleen

A
  • remove and recycle old erythrocytes and platelets
  • store iron from hemoglobin
  • house B and T lymphocytes
72
Q

which anatomical areas is/are protected by the tubal tonsils

A

the passage from the pharynx to the middle ear

The tubal tonsils surround the passages (auditory tubes) from the pharynx to the middle ear. They are used to equalize pressure behind the tympanic membrane.

73
Q

referred to as the adenoids if enlarged

A

pharyngeal tonsils

74
Q

lymph leaves a lymph node via

A

efferent lymph vessels

75
Q

lymphatic vessels are … permeable than blood capillaries

A

lymphatic capillaries

75
Q

fats absorbed from the small intestine are transported to the bloodstream via

A

lacteals

75
Q

which vessel delivers lymph into the junction of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian

A

thoracic duct

76
Q

3 large clusters of superficial lymph nodes

A
  • cervical
  • inguinal
  • axillary

places where the collecting lymphatic vessels coverge to form trunks

77
Q

remove and destroy microorganisms and other debris that enter the lymph from the loose connective tissues, preventing them from being delivered to the blood and spreading to other parts of the body

A

macrophages

78
Q

functions of lymph nodes

A
  • cleansing the lymph
  • immune system activation
79
Q

many antigens are brought to lymph nodes from their point of entry into the body by …. cells, which use these antigens to activate T cells in the lymph node

A

dendritic cells

80
Q

surrounds each node with a dense fibrous capsule and extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments

A

trabeculae

81
Q

internal framework of a lymph node that consists of reticular fibers that physically supports its ever-changing population of lymphocytes

A

stroma (of lymph node)

82
Q
  • cointains densely packed follicles, many with germinal centers heavy w/ dividing B cells
  • deeper part primarily houses T cells in transit, which circulate continuously between the blood, lymph nodes, and lymph
  • dendritic cells abundant
A

cortex of the lymph node

83
Q
  • consists of medullary cords, thin inward extensions from the cortical lymphoid tissue
  • B and T lymphocytes found here
A

medulla of the lymph node

84
Q

steps to lymph node circulation

A
  1. enters the convex side of a lymph node through a number of afferent lymphatic vessels
  2. moves through subscapular sinus, into a number of smaller sinuses that cut through the corex and enter the medulla (and meanders thru medullary sinuses)
  3. finally exits node at its hilum via efferent lymphatic vessels
85
Q

cisterna chyli

A
  • located in the region between the last thoracic and second lumbar vertebrae
  • thoracic duct begins here
86
Q
  • where B and T cells mature
  • red bone marrow and thymus
A

primary lymphoid organs

87
Q

where do B and T cells originate

A

red bone marrow

88
Q

where do B cells mature

A

red bone marrow

89
Q

where do T cells mature

A

thymus

90
Q
  • where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigens and are activated
  • include lymph nodes, spleen, and collections of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that form the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and appendix
A

secondary lymphoid organs

91
Q

dominates all of the lymphoid organs except the thymus

A

reticular connective tissue

92
Q
  • a loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers
  • found in virtually every body organ
  • larger cllections appear in lamina propria of mucous membranes
A

diffuse lymphoid tissue

93
Q
  • solid spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
  • lighter staining germinal centers where proliferating B cells dominate
  • follicles form part of larger lymphoid organs (lymph nodes), isolated aggregations occur intestinal wall as Peyer’s patches and appendix
A

lymphoid follicles (lymphoid nodules)

94
Q
  • inflammation of the tonsils, typically due to bacterial infection
  • tonsils become red, swollen, and sore
A

tonsilitis

95
Q
  • enlargement of the spleen
  • may be due to accumulaion of infectious microorganisms typically caused by septicemia, mononucleosis, malaria, or leukemia
A

splenomegaly

96
Q
  • first node that receives lymph drainage from a body area suspected of being cancerous
  • gives best indication of whether metastasis throughout the lymphatic vessls has occurred
A

sentinel node

97
Q
  • typically a tropical disease in which the lymphatics (particularly those of the lower limbs and scrotum become clogged with parasitic roundworms (filariasis)
  • swelling reaches enormous proportions
A

elephantiasis

98
Q
  • a malignancy of lymphoid tissue
  • swollen, nonpainful lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats
  • giant malignantly transformed B cells (Reed-Sternberg cells)
A

hodgkin’s lymphoma

99
Q

any disease of the lymph nodes

A

lymphadenopathy

100
Q

diagnostic procedure in which the lymphatic vessels are injected with radiopaque dye and then visualized with X rays

A

lymphangiography

101
Q

any neoplasm of the lymphoid tumor, whether benign or malignant

A

lymphoma

102
Q
  • all cancers of lymphoid tissues
  • involves uncontrolled multiplication and metastasis of undifferentiated lymphocytes, with swelling of the lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer’s patchs
  • rapidly progressing, typically affects young people
A

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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