Week 15

Question 1

Crowds

Answer 1

Adolescent peer groups characterized by shared reputations or images

Question 2

Deviant peer contagion

Answer 2

The spread of problem behaviors within groups of adolescents

Question 3

Differential susceptibility

Answer 3

Genetic factors that make individuals more or less responsive to environmental experiences

Question 4

Foreclosure

Answer 4

Individuals commit to an identity without exploration of options

Question 5

Homophily

Answer 5

Adolescents tend to associate with peers who are similar to themselves

Question 6

Identity achievement

Answer 6

Individuals have explored different options and then made commitments

Question 7

Identity diffusion

Answer 7

Adolescents neither explore nor commit to any roles or ideologies

Question 8

Moratorium

Answer 8

State in which adolescents are actively exploring options but have not yet made identity commitments

Question 9

Psychological control

Answer 9

Parents’ manipulation of and intrusion into adolescents’ emotional and cognitive world through invalidating adolescents’ feelings and pressuring them to think in particular ways

Question 10

Collectivism

Answer 10

Belief system that emphasizes the duties and obligations that each person has toward others

Question 11

Emerging adulthood

Answer 11

• A new life stage from approximately ages 18 to 25, when the foundation of an adult life is gradually constructed in love and work
• identity explorations, instability, focus on self-development, feeling incompletely adult, and a broad sense of possibilities

Question 12

Individualism

Answer 12

Belief system that exalts freedom, independence, and individual choice as high values

Question 13

Industrialized countries

Answer 13

The economically advanced countries of the world, in which most of the world’s wealth is concentrated

Question 14

Non-industrialized countries

Answer 14

• the less economically advanced countries that comprise the majority of the world’s population
• currently developing at a rapid rate

Question 15

OECD countries

Answer 15

Members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, comprised of the world’s wealthiest countries

Question 16

Tertiary education

Answer 16

Education or training beyond secondary school, usually taking place in a college, university, or vocational training program

Question 17

Age identity

Answer 17

• How old or young people feel compared to their chronological age
• after early adulthood, most people feel younger than their chronological age

Question 18

Autobiographical narratives

Answer 18

A qualitative research method used to understand characteristics and life themes that an individual considers to uniquely distinguish them from others

Question 19

Average life expectancy

Answer 19

The mean number of years that 50% of people in a specific birth cohort are expected to survive.

Question 20

Convoy Model of Social Relations

Answer 20

A theory that proposes that the frequency, types, and reciprocity of social exchanges change with age

Question 21

Cross-sectional studies

Answer 21

Research method that provides information about age group differences; age differences are confounded with cohort differences and effects related to history and time of study

Question 22

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 22

Type of intellectual ability that relies on the application of knowledge, experience, and learned information

Question 23

Fluid intelligence

Answer 23

Type of intelligence that relies on the ability to use information processing resources to reason logically and solve novel problems

Question 24

Global subjective well-being

Answer 24

Individuals’ perceptions of and satisfaction with their lives as a whole

Question 25

Hedonic well-being

Answer 25

Component of well-being that refers to emotional experiences, often including measures of positive and negative affect

Question 26

Heterogeneity

Answer 26

Inter-individual and subgroup differences in level and rate of change over time

Question 27

inhibitory functioning

Answer 27

Ability to focus on a subset of information while suppressing attention to less relevant information

Question 28

Intra- and inter-individual differences

Answer 28

Different patterns of development observed within an individual (intra-) or between individuals (inter-).

Question 29

Longitudinal studies

Answer 29

A research method that collects information from individuals at multiple time points over time, allowing researchers to track differences in age-related change to determine cumulative effects of different life experiences

Question 30

Processing speed

Answer 30

The time it takes individuals to perform cognitive operations

Question 31

Recall

Answer 31

Type of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned information without the help of external cues

Question 32

Recognition

Answer 32

Type of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned information with the assistance of cues

Question 33

Self-perceptions of aging

Answer 33

An individual’s perceptions of their own aging process; positive perceptions of aging have been shown to be associated with greater longevity and health

Question 34

Social network

Answer 34

Network of people who an individual is closely connected with; social networks provide emotional, informational, and material support and offer opportunities for social engagement

Question 35

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

Answer 35

• a theory proposed to explain the reduction of social partners in older adulthood
• older adults focus on meeting emotional over information-gathering goals, and adaptively select social partners who meet this need

Question 36

Subjective age

Answer 36

A multidimensional construct that indicates how old (or young) a person feels and into which age group a person categorizes him- or herself

Question 37

Successful aging

Answer 37

Includes three components: avoiding disease, maintaining high levels of cognitive and physical functioning, and having an actively engaged lifestyle

Question 38

Working memory

Answer 38

Memory system that allows for information to be simultaneously stored and utilized or manipulated