Week 14

Question 1

Authoritative parenting style

Answer 1

A parenting style characterized by high (but reasonable) expectations for children’s behavior, good communication, warmth and nurturance, and the use of reasoning (rather than coercion) as preferred responses to children’s misbehavior.

Question 2

Conscience

Answer 2

The cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conduct

Question 3

Effortful control

Answer 3

A temperament quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated self-regulation

Question 4

Family Stress Model

Answer 4

A description of the negative effects of family financial difficulty on child adjustment through the effects of economic stress on parents’ depressed mood, increased marital problems, and poor parenting

Question 5

Gender schemas

Answer 5

Organized beliefs and expectations about maleness and femaleness that guide children’s thinking about gender

Question 6

Goodness of fit

Answer 6

• The match or synchrony between a child’s temperament and characteristics of parental care that contributes to positive or negative personality development.
• A good “fit” means that parents have accommodated to the child’s temperamental attributes, and this contributes to positive personality growth and better adjustment.

Question 7

Security of attachment

Answer 7

An infant’s confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver, especially when he or she is needed. Infants can be securely attached or insecurely attached

Question 8

Social referencing

Answer 8

when one individual consults another’s emotional expressions to determine how to evaluate and respond to circumstances that are ambiguous or uncertain

Question 9

Temperament

Answer 9

Early emerging differences in reactivity and self-regulation, which constitutes a foundation for personality development.

Question 10

Theory of mind

Answer 10

Children’s growing understanding of the mental states that affect people’s behavior

Question 11

Cultural display rules

Answer 11

rules that are learned early in life that specify the management and modification of emotional expressions according to social circumstances

Question 12

Interpersonal

Answer 12

• the relationship or interaction between two or more individuals in a group
• refers to the effects of one’s emotions on others, or to the relationship between oneself and others

Question 13

Intrapersonal

Answer 13

• refers to what occurs within oneself
• the effects of emotion to individuals that occur physically inside their bodies and psychologically inside their minds

Question 14

Social and cultural

Answer 14

• the effects that emotions have on the functioning and maintenance of societies and cultures

Question 15

Attachment behavioral system

Answer 15

A motivational system selected over the course of evolution to maintain proximity between a young child and his or her primary attachment figure.

Question 16

Attachment behaviors

Answer 16

Behaviours and signals that attract the attention of a primary attachment figure and function to prevent separation from that individual or to reestablish proximity to that individual (e.g., crying, clinging).

Question 17

Attachment figure

Answer 17

• Someone who functions as the primary safe haven and secure base for an individual
• In childhood, an individual’s attachment figure is often a parent
• In adulthood, an individual’s attachment figure is often a romantic partner.

Question 18

Attachment patterns

Answer 18

(also called “attachment styles” or “attachment orientations”)
- Individual differences in how securely (vs. insecurely) people think, feel, and behave in attachment relationships.

Question 19

Strange situation

Answer 19

A laboratory task that involves briefly separating and reuniting infants and their primary caregivers as a way of studying individual differences in attachment behavior.

Question 20

secure adult attachment

Answer 20

• comfortable with intimacy and interdependence
• optimistic and sociable

Question 21

preoccupied adult attachment

Answer 21

• uneasy and vigilant towards any threat to the relationship
• needy and jealous

Question 22

dismissing adult attachment

Answer 22

• self-reliant and uninterested in intimacy
• indifferent and independent

Question 23

fearful adult attachment

Answer 23

• fearful of rejection and mistrustful of others
• suspicious and shy

Question 24

secure child attachment

Answer 24

• child seeks parent as a safe base
• parents are there when needed

Question 25

anxious child attachment

Answer 25

-Inconsistent/unpredictable caregiver
- Sometimes the parents are there, sometimes they are not

Question 26

avoidant child attachment

Answer 26

• Avoids caregiver when distressed, hides negative effects
• Parents ignore the child and are not responsive