Week 19

Question 1

Animism

Answer 1

• The belief that everyone and everything had a “soul” and that mental illness was due to animistic causes,
• ex) evil spirits controlling an individual and their behaviour.

Question 2

Asylum

Answer 2

A place of refuge or safety established to confine and care for the mentally ill; forerunners of the mental hospital or psychiatric facility

Question 3

Cathartic method

Answer 3

A therapeutic procedure introduced by Breuer and developed further by Freud in the late 19th century whereby a patient gains insight and emotional relief from recalling and reliving traumatic events

Question 4

Cultural relativism

Answer 4

The idea that cultural norms and values of a society can only be understood on their own terms or in their own context

Question 5

Etiology

Answer 5

The causal description of all of the factors that contribute to the development of a disorder or illness

Question 6

Humorism (or humoralism)

Answer 6

A belief held by ancient Greek and Roman physicians that an excess or deficiency in any of the four bodily fluids, or humors—blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm—directly affected their health and temperament.

Question 7

Hysteria

Answer 7

• A term used by the ancient Greeks and Egyptians to describe a disorder believed to be caused by a woman’s uterus wandering throughout the body and interfering with other organs
• today referred to as conversion disorder

Question 8

Maladaptive

Answer 8

A term referring to behaviours that cause people physical or emotional harm, prevent them from functioning in daily life, and/or indicate that they have lost touch with reality and/or cannot control their thoughts and behavior (also called dysfunctional).

Question 9

Mesmerism

Answer 9

an early version of hypnotism in which Mesmer claimed that hysterical symptoms could be treated through animal magnetism emanating from Mesmer’s body and permeating the universe (and later through magnets)

Question 10

Psychogenesis

Answer 10

Developing from psychological origins.

Question 11

Somatogenesis

Answer 11

Developing from physical/bodily origins

Question 12

Supernatural

Answer 12

Developing from origins beyond the visible observable universe

Question 13

Syndrome

Answer 13

Involving a particular group of signs and symptoms

Question 14

“Traitement moral” (moral treatment)

Answer 14

• A therapeutic regimen of improved nutrition, living conditions, and rewards for productive behaviour
• attributed to Philippe Pinel during the French Revolution, when he released mentally ill patients from their restraints and treated them with compassion and dignity rather than with contempt and denigration.

Question 15

Trephination

Answer 15

• The drilling of a hole in the skull, presumably as a way of treating psychological disorders

Question 16

Anxiety

Answer 16

A mood state characterized by negative affect, muscle tension, and physical arousal in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune

Question 17

Agoraphobia

Answer 17

A sort of anxiety disorder distinguished by feelings that a place is uncomfortable or may be unsafe because it is significantly open or crowded

Question 18

Biological vulnerability

Answer 18

A specific genetic and neurobiological factor that might predispose someone to develop anxiety disorders

Question 19

Conditioned response

Answer 19

A learned reaction following classical conditioning, or the process by which an event that automatically elicits a response is repeatedly paired with another neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus)

Question 20

External cues

Answer 20

Stimuli in the outside world that serve as triggers for anxiety or as reminders of past traumatic events

Question 21

Fight or flight response

Answer 21

A biological reaction to alarming stressors that prepares the body to resist or escape a threat

Question 22

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 22

Excessive worry about everyday things that is at a level that is out of proportion to the specific causes of worry

Question 23

Internal bodily or somatic cues

Answer 23

Physical sensations that serve as triggers for anxiety or as reminders of past traumatic events

Question 24

Interoceptive avoidance

Answer 24

Avoidance of situations or activities that produce sensations of physical arousal similar to those occurring during a panic attack or intense fear response

Question 25

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 25

• A disorder characterized by the desire to engage in certain behaviours excessively or compulsively in hopes of reducing anxiety
• Behaviors include things such as cleaning, repeatedly opening and closing doors, hoarding, and obsessing over certain thoughts

Question 26

Panic disorder (PD)

Answer 26

A condition marked by regular strong panic attacks, and which may include significant levels of worry about future attacks

Question 27

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 27

A sense of intense fear, triggered by memories of a past traumatic event, that another traumatic event might occur. PTSD may include feelings of isolation and emotional numbing

Question 28

Psychological vulnerabilities

Answer 28

Influences that our early experiences have on how we view the world

Question 29

Reinforced response

Answer 29

Following the process of operant conditioning, the strengthening of a response following either the delivery of a desired consequence (positive reinforcement) or escape from aversive consequences

Question 30

SAD performance only

Answer 30

Social anxiety disorder which is limited to certain situations that the sufferer perceives as requiring some type of performance

Question 31

Social anxiety disorder (SAD)

Answer 31

A condition marked by acute fear of social situations which lead to worry and diminished day to day functioning.

Question 32

Specific vulnerabilities

Answer 32

How our experiences lead us to focus and channel our anxiety

Question 33

Thought-action fusion

Answer 33

The tendency to overestimate the relationship between a thought and an action, such that one mistakenly believes a “bad” thought is the equivalent of a “bad” action