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WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World > 2. Bordeaux > Flashcards

2. Bordeaux Flashcards

1
Q

Which two rivers merge to form which estuary in Bordeaux?

A

1) River Garonne
2) River Dordogne
3) Gironde estuary

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2
Q

The area between the Dordogne and Garonne is called what?

A

Entre-Deux-Mers

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3
Q

What per cent of plantings are to black grape varieties?

A

Approx 90%

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4
Q

What is the red/white/sweet/rose production split in Bordeaux?

A

1) 85% red
2) 9% white
3) 1% sweet
4) 5% rose

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5
Q

What is the most widely planted grape variety in Bordeaux?

A

Merlot

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6
Q

How much land is under vine in Bordeaux?1

A

108,000

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7
Q

What is the climate of Bordeaux?

A

Moderate maritime

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8
Q

What weather feature has a warming influence on Bordeaux and from where does it originate?

A

1) The Gulf Stream
2) The Gulf of Mexico

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9
Q

What protects the left bank from Atlantic storms?

A

The Landes - extensive pine forests towards the south of the region

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10
Q

The Landes - extensive pine forests - protect the vineyards from wine. At what stage of the growing cycle is this protection most beneficial?

A

Flowering and fruit set

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11
Q

Give three examples of sub-regions protected by the Landes.

A

1) Leognan (Domaine de Chevalier)
2) Listrac, Medoc

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12
Q

Rainfall is variable year to year. Excessive rainfall at which four stages can result in significant vintage variation?

A

1) Rain at flowering an result in poor fruit set
2) Rain through the growing season can increase disease pressure
3) Rain at and after veraison can lead to unripe fruit and fungal disease
4) Rain at harvest can cause dilution

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13
Q

Provide an example of a vintage that was beset by hot, dry summers with insufficient rainfall.

A

2003

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14
Q

What other climatic factor is a concern for vineyards further from the Gironde or its two rivers?

A

Frost

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15
Q

What is the key soil component of the top estates of the Left Bank and what two advantages does it provide?

A

1) Gravel
2) Excellent drainage
3) Heat retention

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16
Q

What other soils can be found on the Left Bank?

A

1) Clay
2) Sand

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17
Q

What are ‘croupes’?

A

Gravel mounds (up to 32m in Margaux) formed by deposits from floodwaters from the Pyrenees and Massif Central

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18
Q

What is a disadvantage to the Left Bank’s high proportion of gravel soil?

A

Can cause hydric stress in drought-affected years

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19
Q

In which Left Bank sub-region can pockets of clay be found?

A

Saint-Estephe

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20
Q

What soil component is more common on the Right Bank?

A

Clay

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21
Q

What are the eight main varieties grown in Bordeaux (as discussed in the textbook)?

A

1) Merlot
2) Cabernet Sauvignon
3) Cabernet Franc
4) Malbec
5) Petit Verdot
6) Semillon
7) Sauvignon Blanc
8) Muscadelle

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22
Q

When does Merlot bud?

A

Early

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23
Q

When does Merlot ripen?

A

Mid-ripening

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24
Q

What is an advantage of Merlots ripening timeframe?

A

It can be picked before early autumn rain

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25
Q

What three diseases is Merlot susceptible to?

A

1) Coulure
2) Drought
3) Botrytis

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26
Q

What climatic condition is Merlot susceptible to?

A

Spring frost

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27
Q

Why is Merlot commonly planted on soils with high quantities of clay?

A

1) The soils are cooler
2) The water-holding capacity of the soils produces the large berry size typical of Merlot

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28
Q

What five characteristics does Merlot contribute to a wine?

A

1) Medium to pronounced intensity
2) Strawberry, red plum, herbaceous flavours in cooler years
3) Cooked blackberry, black plum in hot years
4) Medium tannins
5) Medium to high alcohol

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29
Q

When does Cabernet Sauvignon bud?

A

Late

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30
Q

What three diseases is Cabernet Sauvignon susceptible to?

A

1) Powdery mildew
2) Esca
3) Eutypa

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31
Q

When does Cabernet Sauvignon ripen?

A

Late

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32
Q

What climatic condition is Cabernet Sauvignon susceptible to?

A

Early autumn rains (due to late ripening)

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33
Q

What four characteristics does Cabernet Sauvignon contribute to a wine?

A

1) Violet, blackcurrant, black cherry and menthol/herbaceous flavours
2) Medium alcohol
3) High acidity
4) High tannins

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34
Q

What three characteristics does Cabernet Franc contribute to a Bordeaux blend?

A

1) Red fruit
2) High acidity
3) Medium tannins

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35
Q

When does Petit Verdot bud?

A

Early

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36
Q

When does Petit Verdot ripen?

A

Later than Cabernet Sauvignon

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37
Q

What two climatic factors is Petit Verdot vulnerable to?

A

1) Spring frost
2) Harvest rain

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38
Q

What four characteristics does Petit Verdot contribute to a Bordeaux blend?

A

1) Power
2) Deep colour
3) Spice
4) High tannins

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39
Q

When does Semillon ripen?

A

Mid-ripening

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40
Q

What is Semillon vulnerable to?

A

Botrytis

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41
Q

What four features does Semillon contribute to a dry white Bordeaux?

A

1) Low to medium intensity aromas
2) Weight
3) Medium acidity
4) Softens Sauvignon Blanc’s intensity

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42
Q

What two features does Semillon contribute to a sweet Bordeaux?

A

1) Honey, dried fruit
2) Waxy texture

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43
Q

What four features does Sauvignon Blanc contribute to a dry white Bordeaux?

A

1) Grassy, gooseberry fruit
2) High acidity

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44
Q

What is Muscadelle prone to?

A

Botrytis

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45
Q

What does Muscadelle contribute to sweet white wines?

A

Flowery, grapey notes

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46
Q

What is the traditional planting density for top quality Bordeaux vineyards and why? (4)

A

1) 10,000 vines/ha
2) Vines 1m apart
3) 1m between rows
4) Makes the most of prestigious land

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47
Q

What three factors add to the expense of close-planted vineyards of Bordeaux?

A

1) Adequate trellising
2) Over-row tractors
3) Time for training, ploughing and spraying

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48
Q

At what planting density might vineyards in Bordeaux AOC be planted?

A

3,000-4,000 vines/ha

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49
Q

What is the most common system of vine management in Bordeaux?

A

Head-training, replacement cane-pruned where vines are training along wires

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50
Q

On which bank is Double Guyot most common?

A

Left Bank

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51
Q

On which bank is Single Guyot most common?

A

Right Bank

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52
Q

What other training method is less common but used by some prestigious estates?

A

Cordon-trained, spur-pruned

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53
Q

What is ‘soft pruning’?

A

Soft pruning involves avoiding cuts to live wood in positions where you want healthy sap flow, and making cuts as small as possible (since bigger cuts cause a larger region of dieback)

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54
Q

What two disease pressures does soft pruning alleviate?

A

1) Eutypa dieback
2) Esca

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55
Q

What is the average yield in Bordeaux?

A

50 hL/ha

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56
Q

In what three vessel types does red winemaking take place?

A

1) Stainless steel
2) Oak
3) Concrete

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57
Q

What wines are produced by mid-range fermentation temperatures and 5-7 days post-fermentation maceration?

A

Wines intended for early drinking where the preservation of primary fruit and limited tannins is desired

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58
Q

What wines are produced by mid-range to warm fermentation temperatures and 14-30 days post-fermentation maceration?

A

Wines intended to age in bottle

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59
Q

By tradition, how often are wines racked?

A

Every three months

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60
Q

Simpler wines may be matured in what three vessel types and for how long?

A

1) Stainless steel, concrete, large vats
2) 4-6 months

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61
Q

High quality wines are matured in what vessel type and for how long?

A

1) 225l barriques
2) 18-24 months depending on quality and progress of maturation

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62
Q

What is Clairet?

A

A deeper coloured, traditional style of Rose, which is bled off as a by-product of red winemaking where the aim to to concentrate red musts and wine

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63
Q

What are the two main varieties used for Bordeaux rose?

A

1) Merlot
2) Cabernet Sauvignon

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64
Q

Once white grapes arrive at the winery they may be a) pressed on arrival or b) left on skins for up to 24 hours. Why?

A

a) To deliver maximum freshness
b) For more aromatic, phenolic complexity

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65
Q

Wines intended for early drinking are generally fermented how and in what vessel?

A

1) Cool
2) Stainless steel

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66
Q

What winemaking technique might give a mid-priced wine more weight and complexity?

A

A period of 6-12 months lees maturation

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67
Q

How are higher quality whites fermented?

A

In barriques with varying levels of new oak

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68
Q

What technique used to be more common for white Bordeaux that is used less now and why?

A

1) Battonage
2) Can give excessive body in relation to acidity levels, particularly in warm years

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69
Q

What is the maximum yield for Sauternes and Barsac?

A

25 hL/ha

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70
Q

What is a common yield for Sauternes and Barsac?

A

10 hL/ha

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71
Q

Why must yields for sweet wines be kept low?

A

To ensure the very high sugar levels in the grapes

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72
Q

How are the low yields for sweet wines achieved?

A

Pruning to a low number of buds and removing any that show signs of disease or damage

73
Q

What harvest technique adds to the cost of sweet Bordeaux?

A

Multiple passes of hand-harvesting

74
Q

In what months are sweet Bordeaux wines harvested?

A

September to November

75
Q

The level of botrytis depends on what four factors?

A

1) The correct conditions for the spread of noble rot
2) The position of the estates (proximity to where mist forms regularly)
3) Willingness of the estates to wait for the best harvest times (risk vs reward)
4) The willingness of the estates to pay for multiple passes to ensure quality

76
Q

How many appellations are there in Bordeaux?

A

65

77
Q

In what three vessel types are sweet Bordeaux wines fermented?

A

1) Stainless steel
2) Concrete
3) Barriques

78
Q

How is high quality sweet Bordeaux fermented and why?

A

1) In barrel with a high proportion of new
2) For best integration of oak and fruit

79
Q

Provide an example of a sweet Bordeaux that is fermented in 100% new French oak

A

Chateau d’Yquem

80
Q

What are the eight key appellations of the Left Bank (north to south)

A

1) Medoc
2) Saint-Estephe
3) Pauillac
4) Haut-Medoc
5) Saint-Julien
6) Listrac-Medoc
7) Moulis
8) Margaux

81
Q

What are the two red and dry white wine appellations of Graves?

A

1) Pessac-Leognan
2) Graves

82
Q

What are the maximum yields for Bordeaux AOC white, rose and red wines?

A

1) 67 hL/ha
2) 62 hL/ha
3) 60 hL/ha

83
Q

What is the maximum yield for Bordeaux Superior AOC?

A

59 hL/ha

84
Q

Bordeaux AOC and Bordeaux Superior AOC account for what per cent of all wine produced in Bordeaux?

A

44%

85
Q

What is the main variety for Bordeaux AOC and Bordeaux Superior AOC?

A

Merlot

86
Q

What is the maximum yield for Medoc AOC and Haut-Medoc AOC?

A

55 hL/ha

87
Q

When can wines from Medoc AOC and Haut-Medoc AOC be sold?

A

From mid-June of teh year after harvest

88
Q

What are the four famous communes of Haut-Medoc?

A

1) Saint-Estephe
2) Pauillac
3) Saint-Julien
4) Margaux

89
Q

What is the maximum yield of the four famous communes of Haut-Medoc?

A

57 hL/ha

90
Q

A high proportion of what soil type is common in the four famous communes of Haut-Medoc?

A

Gravel

91
Q

Which is the coolest of the four famous communes of Haut-Medoc and what are the two reasons why?

A

1) Saint-Estephe
2) Most northerly
3) Closest to the Atlantic Ocean

92
Q

Which of the four famous communes of Haut-Medoc has the most Merlot plantings?

A

Saint-Estephe

93
Q

Does Saint-Estephe have a First Growth?

A

No

94
Q

How many of the First Growths are in Pauillac? Name them

A

1) Three

a) Chateau Lafite-Rothschild
b) Chateau Latour
c) Chateau Mouton-Rothschild

95
Q

What is the primary variety of Pauillac?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

96
Q

What commune of the Left Bank is widely considered the most structured?

A

Pauillac

97
Q

Which Left Bank commune has the highest proportion of cru classe wine?

A

Pauillac

98
Q

Does Saint-Julien have any First Growths?

A

No

99
Q

Explain the syle of Saint-Julien

A

The midway point between the power and structure of Pauillac and the finesse of Margaux

100
Q

How many First Growths are there in Margaux? Name them

A

1) One

a) Chateau Margaux

101
Q

Which of the four famous communes of Haut-Medoc ripens earliest?

A

Margaux

102
Q

What is Graves Supereures AOC?

A

An appellation for late-picked and/or botrytis-affected sweet wines with a higher yield limit (40 hL/ha) than Sauternes.

103
Q

What is the maximum yield for Graves AOC red and Graves AOC white?

A

1) 55 hL/ha
2) 58 hL/ha

104
Q

How many First Growths are in Pessac-Leognan? Name them.

A

1) One

a) Chateau Haut-Brion

105
Q

What is the maximum yield for Pessac-Leognan AOC?

A

54 hL/ha

106
Q

Unlikes the four famous communes of Haut-Medoc, Pessac-Leognan is also known for what style of wine?

A

The best dry white wines of Bordeaux

107
Q

What is the maximum yield of Entre-deux-Mers AOC?

A

65 hL/ha

108
Q

What style of wine is produced in Entre-deux-Mers AOC?

A

Dry white wines of acceptable to good quality

109
Q

What are the two largest Saint-Emilion satellite appellations?

A

1) Montagne Saint-Emilion AOC
2) Lussac-Saint-Emilion AOC

110
Q

What is the maximum yield of Saint-Emilion AOC?

A

53 hL/ha

111
Q

What is the maximum yield of Saint-Emilion Grand Cru AOC?

A

46 hL/ha

112
Q

What are the maturation times of Saint-Emilion AOC and Saint-Emilion Grand Cru AOC?

A

1) Six months
2) 20 months

113
Q

What are the two dominant varieties of Saint-Emilion AOC and Saint-Emilion Grand Cru AOC?

A

1) Merlot
2) Cabernet Franc

114
Q

What is the maximum yield of Pomerol AOC?

A

49 hL/ha

115
Q

Merlot accounts for what per cent of Pomerol AOC’s plantings?

A

80%

116
Q

What is Lalande-de-Pomerol AOC?

A

A larger satellite appellation with higher yields than Pomerol AOC

117
Q

What are four Cotes de Bordeaux appellations?

A

1) Blaye
2) Cadillac
3) Castillon
4) Francs

118
Q

In what year was Cotes de Bordeaux established?

A

2009

119
Q

What are the maximum yields of Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

1) 55 hL/ha
2) 52 hL/ha if a commune name is appended

120
Q

What variety does Cotes de Bourg AOC have the highest plantings of in all of Bordeaux?

A

Malbec

121
Q

What are three other sweet wine appellations of Bordeaux?

A

1) Saint-Croix-du-Mont
2) Loupiac
3) Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux

122
Q

How is the sweetness achieved
for Sainte-Croix-du-Mont, Loupiac and Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

Botrytis or late harvest

123
Q

What are the maximum yields for Sainte-Croix-du-Mont, Loupiac and Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

1) 40 hL/ha
2) 40 hL/ha
3) 45 hL/ha

124
Q

What per cent of plantings does Semillon account for in Sauternes/Barsac?

A

80%

125
Q

Why do Sauternes and Barsac have the ideal conditions for noble rot?

A

The cold Ciron River meets the warmer Garonne River promoting morning mists

126
Q

How may wines made in Barsac be labelled?

A

As Barsac AOC or Sauternes AOC

127
Q

What have winemakers in Sauterns and Barsac been producing to combat a decline in demand for their wines?

A

Producing dry wines

128
Q

What are the four classifications of Bordeaux?

A

1) The 1855 classification
2) The Graves classification
3) The Saint-Emilion Grand Cru classification
4) The Crus Bourgeois du Medoc classification

129
Q

The 1855 classification is comprised of how many properties?

A

60

130
Q

The Graves classification is comprised of how many properties?

A

16

131
Q

In what year was the Graves classification established?

A

1959

132
Q

Explain the Saint-Emilion Granc Cru classification (3)

A

1) Dates back to 1955
2) Revised every 10 years
3) Chateaux are judged based on terroir, production methods, reputation and a blind tasting of 10 vintages

133
Q

What are the three tiers of Cru Bourgeois du Medoc (as at 2018)

A

Chateaux are classified as one of:

1) Cru Bourgeois
2) Cru Bourgeois Superieur
3) Cru Bourgeois Exceptionnel

134
Q

Which is the only top quality appellation not to have a classification system?

A

Pomerol

135
Q

Co-operatives account for what per cent of production in Bordeaux?

A

25%

136
Q

What is the average estate size?

A

20 ha (2022)

137
Q

What are seven reasons why costs for cru classe wines are much higher than generic appellations?

A

1) Land costs
2) Vine density
3) Harvest costs
4) Viticultural costs
5) Lower yield
6) Rigorous grape selection
7) Barrel ageing

138
Q

What are the top three export markets for Bordeaux?

A

1) China
2) USA
3) Belgium

139
Q

What is Bordeaux’s domestic/export split?

A

55/45%

140
Q

Exports account for what per cent of Bordeaux sales by value?

A

52%

141
Q

Explain ‘La Place de Bordeaux’ in two steps

A

1) Chateaux sell to negociants via courtiers (brokers)
2) Negociants sell to wholesalers/retailers

142
Q

What per cent is the courtier’s fee?

A

2%

143
Q

What per cent is the negociant’s fee?

A

15%

144
Q

Why has basic Bordeaux remained inexpensive for many years? (2)

A

1) Lower demand in France
2) Increased competition from imports

145
Q

What are three advantages to chateaux of selling wine en primeur?

A

1) Generate cash flow earlier allowing the estates to finance the next vintage
2) EP sell price covers all costs up to and including bottling
3) Ability to test the market by releasing early lower-priced tranches

146
Q

What are three advantages to consumers of buying wine en primeur?

A

1) It may be their only opportunity to buy these wines
2) It may be at a lower price than when sold on the general market
3) The price/value of the wine may increase over time

147
Q

What are two disadvantages to chateaux of selling wine en primeur?

A

1) Potentially selling at a lower price than might be obtained for the bottled wine
2) Potential for financial mismanagement or losses by negociants that could adversely affect reputation

148
Q

What are three disadvantages to consumers of buying wine en primeur?

A

1) Wines are bought on opinions of unfinished wines
2) Intermediaries may go out of business before the wine arrives
3) Prices may fall before the final wine arrives due to economic conditions or the following vintage’s quality

149
Q

When are En Primeur wines first sold?

A

In the spring (April) following harvest

150
Q

Describe a classic Pomerol

A

Merlot-dominant, full-bodied and deeply coloured, with blackberry, cassis, and chocolate flavours with clove and vanilla oak complexities

151
Q

Name three top Saint-Emilion chateaux

A

1) Chateau Cheval Blanc
2) Chateau Ausone
3) Chateau Angelus

152
Q

What rootstock is favoured, particularly for Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Riparia Gloire de Montpellier

153
Q

What four other rootstocks are used in Bordeaux?

A

1) 3309c
2) 420a
3) 101-14G
4) S04 (best for drought-resistance)

154
Q

What are the four terroirs of St Emilion and their soil types?

A

1) Edge of escarpment: weathered limestone, south facing slopes – Ausone, Belair
2) Foot of escarpment: marl, sand, gravel, gentle slopes – Pavie
3) Plateau: cooler, loam over weathered limestone – Tour-St-Christophe
4) Northwest corner: gravel over limestone – Cheval Blanc

155
Q

What is the distance of the Gironde at its widest?

A

15km

156
Q

In what two areas of Bordeaux are extensive vine pull schemes being undertaken to reduce land under vine by 10ha

A

1) Cote de Blaye
2) Entre-deux-Mers

157
Q

What is the newest appellation in Bordeaux that launched in 2023?

A

Entre-deux-Mers Rouge AOC

158
Q

What is beneficial about blue clay?

A

It absorbs water, but in the absence of water it doesn’t crack so the root systems aren’t disturbed

159
Q

Where is there more iron-rich blue clay than any other commune?

A

Pomerol (particularly Petrus)

160
Q

Give three examples of biodynamic Chateaux in Bordeaux

A

1) Climens (Barsac)
2) Pontet Canet (Pauillac)
3) Palmer (Margaux)

161
Q

Which Bordeaux black variety is susceptible to millerandage?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

162
Q

Summarise the 2013 Bordeaux vintage (3)

A

1) Uneven ripening and dilution.
2) Rot forced relatively early picking.
3) Even at their best, the wines are pretty light.

163
Q

Summarise the 2014 Bordeaux vintage

A

Exceptionally cool, damp July and August but the vintage was saved by an unusually dry, warm September and October that (just about) ripened the grapes though autumn concentration has resulted in relatively high-acid wines.

164
Q

Summarise the 2015 Bordeaux vintage (4)

A

1) Healthy, uniform fruit at harvest.
2) A generous flowering and hot, dry early summer was followed by a slighty cooler, damper August.
3) Harvest was generally earlier than in 2014.
4) Overshadowed by 2015.

165
Q

Summarise the 2016 Bordeaux vintage (3)

A

1) High quality and quantity.
2) An exceptionally dry summer with cool nights eventually, thanks to mid September rain, resulted in small, thick-skinned, ripe grapes, and the wines are marked by high tannin and acidity, with superb aromatic fragrance. 3) This is without doubt one of the finest recent Bordeaux vintages but may lack a little of 2019’s freshness and intricacy.

166
Q

Summarise the 2017 Bordeaux vintage (3)

A

1) Frost is the major headline for Bordeaux in 2017, resulting in the lowest yield in over 25 years across the region.
2) The top appellations in the Médoc generally fared well, while the right bank had much more variable ripeness levels. 3) Even though some very good wines were made, and quantities were limited, this is a vintage that failed to sell well en primeur but provided pleasant drinking relatively early.

167
Q

Summarise the 2018 Bordeaux vintage (4)

A

1) A year of extremes with a very wet winter and spring.
2) Very damaging hail in some areas.
3) Severe downy mildew threats in most.
4) A very hot, and dry, summer and autumn allowed winegrowers to decide on their own harvest dates. 5) Powerful, deep-coloured wines with no shortage of (generally well-managed) tannins suggest this may be one of the region’s longer-lived vintages.

168
Q

Summarise the 2019 Bordeaux vintage (4)

A

1) Quantities slightly reduced by cool weather at flowering.
2) The wines, generally pretty consistent, were clearly made from fully ripe grapes with good tannins.
3) Considering how hot and dry the summer was, with a surprising degree of freshness.
4) Price reductions led to a surprisingly successful primeur campaign.
5) EP during COVID.

169
Q

Summarise the 2020 Bordeaux vintage (6)

A

1) A particularly early growing season characterised by heatwaves and drought.
2) Some downy mildew pressure in June.
3) Mid August when thunderstorms played a part in the northern Médoc. 4) Merlot was picked in ideal conditions in early September 5) The weather turned cool and particularly damp so some Cabernet Sauvignon had to be picked before absolutely perfect ripeness.
6) Small grapes meant lots of tannins, and a relatively small crop.

170
Q

Summarise the 2021 Bordeaux vintage (5)

A

1) A warm spring encouraged early budbreak followed by sometimes devastating frost in early April.
2) Very small crop and a cool, damp growing season beset by problems.
3) Merlot a particular casualty of downy mildew.
4) St-Estèphe seems to have been notably successful but this was a very, very different vintage from the warm, ripe years that preceded it.
5) Alcohol levels were back down to about 13% and some chaptalisation and concentration were employed for the first time in many years.

171
Q

Summarise the 2022 Bordeaux vintage (5)

A

1) The hottest and driest vintage in recent memory.
2) After a heatwave on June 18th, hailstorms arrived on June 20th, causing localized damage.
3) Crop levels were down by around 15% overall – the right bank, with its moisture retaining clay soils, fared better than the left bank.
4) One of the earliest harvests on records with most reds being picked in September.
5) Wines are deep with powerful tannins, average acidities, elevated alcohols, rounded texture, and a surprising degree of freshness with the best being capable of ageing.

172
Q

What were the six strongest vintages in Bordeaux of the 1980s?

A

1) 1982
2) 1983
3) 1985
4) 1986
5) 1988
6) 1989

173
Q

What were the four strongest vintages in Bordeaux of the 1990s?

A

1) 1990
2) 1995
3) 1996
4) 1998

174
Q

What were the five strongest vintages in Bordeaux of the 2000s?

A

1) 2000
2) 2001
3) 2005
4) 2009
5) 2010

175
Q

What were the six strongest vintages in Bordeaux of the 2010s?

A

1) 2015
2) 2016
3) 2018
4) 2019
5) 2020

176
Q

List three poor vintages since 2000

A

1) 2007
2) 2011 (except for Sauternes)
3) 2013 (Sauternes and dry whites good)

177
Q

How long must Bordeaux Superieur be aged in barrel?

A

12 months minimum

178
Q

What six varieties have been permitted in Bordeaux AOC and Bordeaux Superieur AOC since 2021 as long as they are a maximum 5% of property’s area under vine and 10% of final blend?

A

1) Alvarinho
2) Liliorila
3) Marselan
4) Tourgina Nacional
5) Castets
6) Arinarnoa

WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World (22 decks)

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