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WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World > 23. California > Flashcards

23. California Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the Pacific Ocean by California cooler than the Atlantic Ocean by the east coast? (2)

A

1) The California current bringing water from the north
2) Upwelling (the
process whereby deep cold water rises to the surface)

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2
Q

Fog can form in California’s wine regions. What two impacts can this have?

A

1) Creates a cooling effect
2) Can inhibit sunlight onto the vines

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3
Q

Why is sunlight intense in California’s wine regions?

A

Its latitude of 32–42° N

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4
Q

Altitude can be a cooling influence in some areas but why might they not benefit from the cooling influence of fog?

A

They’re above the layer of fog exposing them to intense low latitude sunlight

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5
Q

What are three key weather hazards affecting viticulture in California?

A

1) Drought
2) Fire
3) Spring frost

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6
Q

What is a bacterial disease of concern in California?

A

Pierce’s disease, spread by leafhopper insects

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7
Q

In the USA, to be labelled as Organic
Wine, there must have been no addition of what in the winemaking process?

A

SO2

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8
Q

What are the two most planted grape varieties in California?

A

1) Chardonnay
2) Cabernet Sauvignon

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9
Q

What are five other significant red varieties planted in California?

A

1) Pinot Noir
2) Zinfandel
3) Merlot
4) Syrah
5) Petite Sirah/Durif

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10
Q

When does Petite Sirah ripen?

A

Late

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11
Q

What are three other significant white varieties planted in California?

A

1) French Colombard
2) Pinot Gris
3) Sauvignon Blanc

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12
Q

What might Sauvignon Blanc also be labelled as in California?

A

Fume Blanc

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13
Q

Where a single grape variety is mentioned where per cent of the wine must be
from that named variety?

A

75%

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14
Q

A wine labelled with ‘California’ must be made entirely from grapes
grown in the state and at least what per cent of the grapes must come from any named county?

A

75%

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15
Q

If an AVA is mentioned on a label, at least what per cent of the grapes must
come from that AVA?

A

85%

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16
Q

Vineyard names may appear on the label if at least what per cent of the grapes are from that vineyard?

A

95%

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17
Q

At least what per cent of the grapes must come from any stated vintage if the wine is labelled with
an AVA?

A

95%

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18
Q

At least what per cent of the grapes must come from any stated vintage if the wine is labelled with a county or the state?

A

85%

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19
Q

What has led to the creation and approval of a number of very
large AVAs permitting some of the state’s largest producers that may have vineyards and
wineries far apart to legitimately label some of their premium wines as ‘estate bottled’?

A

Wineries can only use the term ‘estate bottled’ if the wine has been made and bottled at the producer’s winery, and from grapes from vineyards owned or controlled by the producer
that are within the same AVA.

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20
Q

Grape prices can vary according to supply and demand. What practice has become prevalent to keep up with the latest consumer demands?

A

Head-grafting

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21
Q

What is the California trade body called?

A

Wine Institute of California

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22
Q

Name the six of Mendocino County’s AVAs covered by Mendocino County AVA

A

Anderson Valley
Yorkville Highlands
McDowell Valley
Potter Valley
Redwood Valley
Cole Ranch

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23
Q

What runs through the middle of the North Coast AVA dividing
Mendocino and Lake County?

A

The Mayacamas Mountains

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24
Q

What is the North Coast AVA?

A

A large AVA running about 160km down the Pacific Ocean coastline and 80km inland encompassing substantial proportions of Napa County, Sonoma County, Mendocino County
and Lake County.

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25
Q

What is the most well known Mendocino County AVA?

A

Anderson Valley AVA

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26
Q

Along which river is cold air and fog funnelled inland to the Anderson Valley AVA?

A

Navarro River

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27
Q

What are the two most commonly planted varieties in Anderson Valley AVA?

A

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

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28
Q

Name two significant producers of Anderson Valley AVA

A

Littorai and Williams
Selyem

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29
Q

Explain why Lake County AVA is warm and dry?

A

It is in the rain shadow of the Mayacamas Mountains to the west and the Vaca
Range to the east

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30
Q

How many AVAs are there in Lake County?

A

Seven

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31
Q

What is the Largest AVA of Lake County with four sub-AVAs?

A

Clear Lake AVA

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32
Q

Describe the topography of Lake County AVA (2)

A

1) The lake takes up half the AVA provides afternoon breezes.
2) Vineyards are planted on the slopes and ridges around the lake at 400–450m

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33
Q

What are the two main plantings of Lake County AVA?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc

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34
Q

Describe the orientation of Anderson Valley AVA

A

Runs from north-west, only a few kms from the Pacific, to south-east further inland

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35
Q

Besides Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, what other wine style/varieties might be found in Anderson Valley AVA

A

Aromatic Alsace-style white wines from Gewurz, Riesling, Pinot Gris and Pinot
Blanc

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36
Q

How many AVAs are in Sonoma County?

A

18

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37
Q

What are the three large, overarching, overlapping Sonoma County AVAs?

A

1) Northern Sonoma AVA
2) Sonoma Coast AVA
3) Sonoma Valley AVA

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38
Q

What are six smaller AVAs incorporated into Northern Sonoma AVA?

A

1) Alexander Valley
2) Knights Valley
3) Rockpile
4) Chalk Hill
5) Russian River Valley
6) Dry Creek Valley

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39
Q

What two geographical features help define Northern Sonoma AVA?

A

1) Mayacamas mountains to the east
2) The Russian River, which flows
through filling underground aquifers and provides water for
vineyards

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40
Q

Describe the climate of Alexander Valley AVA

A

A warm climate cooled in the evenings by Pacific air funnelled in from the Petaluma Gap and Russian
River Valley to the south

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41
Q

Describe the two vineyard locations and their soils of Alexander Valley AVA

A

1) Valley floor (100m) with fertile soils
2) West/southwest facing slopes and benchlands of the Mayacamas mountains (750mm) with less fertile soil

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42
Q

What is the most planted variety in Alexander Valley AVA and what style is it produced in?

A

1) Cabernet Sauvignon
2)Full-bodied with ripe flavours of blackberry, blackcurrant, dried herbs and chocolate

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43
Q

Explain the difference in flavour profile between low altitude and high altitude Cabernet in Alexander Valley AVA

A

Those from plantings
on the valley floor tend to have less tannin, whereas those from grapes on the slopes and
benchlands tend to be more structured and concentrated

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44
Q

What is the furthest inland Sonoma Coast AVA?

A

Knights Valley AVA

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45
Q

What are the soils of Knights Valley AVA

A

Free-draining volcanic

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46
Q

What two varieties is Dry Creek Valley AVA best known for?

A

1)Old vine Zinfandel
2) Sauvignon Blanc

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47
Q

What are the two geographical factors that impact Dry Creek Valley AVA?

A

1) Sheltered
by coastal mountains to the west
2) Mountains on
either side of the valley funnel cool ocean air and fogs from San Pablo Bay

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48
Q

What impact does the San Pablo Bay have on Dry Creek Valley AVA?

A

Cool ocean air and fog in the afternoon and evenings gives cooler nights helping to retain acidity in the grapes

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49
Q

What are the soils of Dry Creek Valley AVA?

A

1) Gravel sandy loam on the valley floor
2) Gravel red clay
loam on the slopes and benches.

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50
Q

Name two key producers of Dry Creek Valley AVA

A

Kinsella Estates and Ridge

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51
Q

Explain the vineyard topography of Rockpile AVA

A

The vineyards are planted on steep rocky slopes and must be above 800 ft (approximately 244 m) to be within the AVA

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52
Q

What impact does Lake Sonoma have on Rockpile AVA?

A

The lake creates an inversion layer, which keeps
the vineyards relatively warm at night.

The vineyards sit above the fog layer, which stays close to the lake, meaning that they are exposed to long hours of sunshine.

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53
Q

Why are the yields often low and the fruit concentrated in Rockpile AVA?

A

Shallow, free-draining soils and windy conditions lead to high evapotranspiration

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54
Q

What are the two sub-AVAs of Russian River AVA?

A

1) Green Valley of Russian River Valley AVA
2) Chalk Hill AVA

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55
Q

Why are the south and western parts of the Russian River Valley AVA coolest?

A

They receive fog and wind through
the Petaluma Gap, a break in the Northern Coast Range.

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56
Q

What are the two most planted varieties in Russian River Valley AVA?

A

Chardonnay
Pinot Noir

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57
Q

What wines are made in the inland and northeast corner of Russian River Valley AVA? (5)

A

1) Cabernet Sauvignon
2) Merlot
3) Zinfandel

4) Riper styles of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

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58
Q

Why is Green Valley of Russian River Valley AVA one of the coolest in northern California?

A

It’s located next to the Petaluma Gap
where it gains the first fogs in the afternoon and is the last area to have the fog burn off in the mornings.

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59
Q

What is specific about Fort Ross Seaview AVA’s vineyards?

A

Wines must be made from vineyards over 280m. This altitude means the vineyards sit above
the fog layer and so gain longer hours of sunshine and warmth compared to the surrounding
Sonoma Coast.

60
Q

What is specific about Petaluma Gap AVA? (2)

A

1) It’s open to the coast at both ends, high-speed coastal winds flow throughout the AVA

2) The AVA boundaries were defined according to an area
that maintains a persistent wind of at least 12 kilometres (8 miles) per hour through the growing
season

61
Q

What viticultural hazard is caused by the wind in the Petaluma Gap AVA?

A

The wind is strong enough to cause leaf stomata to
close, slowing respiration and photosynthesis

62
Q

Describe the Sonoma Valley AVA

A

1) Located in the south eastern part of Sonoma County
2) Bordered on
the east by the Mayacamas mountain range and on the west by the Sonoma mountain range
3) The southern part of the AVA is the coolest, as it
opens straight on to San Pablo Bay.

63
Q

Sonoma
Valley includes which three smaller sub-appellations?

A

1) Sonoma Mountain AVA
2) Bennett Valley AVA
3) Carneros AVA towards the south

64
Q

Describe the growing conditions of Sonoma Mountain AVA (4)

A

1) East-facing, steep slopes within the Sonoma mountain range
2) Planted
up to 730m
3) Above the fog line, exposing the grapes to intense sun and warm daytime
temperatures
4) Cold air coming
down from the mountains can give cool nights, helping to retain acidity

65
Q

What are the four leading varieties planted in the warmer sites of Sonoma Mountain AVA?

A

1) Cabernet Sauvignon
2) Merlot
3) Zinfandel
4) Syrah

66
Q

Sonoma Mountain AVA’s cooler, west sites are planted with which three varieties?

A

1) Chardonnay
2) Sauvignon Blanc
3) Semillon

67
Q

Describe the growing conditions of Bennett Valley AVA

A

1) Surrounded by hills giving warm sheltered conditions in the day
2) Cool air and fog flows into the valley through a break in the hills at night

68
Q

Carneros AVA’s proximity to the San Pablo Bay means what?

A

It’s affected by fog and cold winds in the morning and evening, though daytimes are usually warm and sunny

69
Q

What two varieties is Carneros AVA best known for?

A

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, sometimes made into sparkling

70
Q

Are many AVAs are there within the Napa Valley AVA?

A

16

71
Q

How big in KM2 is the Napa Valley?

A

50 kilometres long by 8 wide

72
Q

What mountains are to the west of Napa Valley?

A

Mayacamas mountains providing shelter the valley from the cold Pacific Ocean

73
Q

What mountains are to the east of Napa Valley?

A

Vaca mountains providing shelter from the hot Central Valley

74
Q

What bay is Napa Valley open to?

A

San Pablo Bay in the south

75
Q

What impact does the San Pablo Bay have on Napa Valley?

A

As the vineyards heat up during the day, air rises and pulls cool air and
fog from the bay up the valley in the afternoon.

76
Q

Provide three AVA examples where the cold air and fog is particularly felt and why

A

1) Carneros AVA
2) Coombsville AVA
3) Oak Knoll AVA
4) The valley floor vineyards sit under the fog layer giving a high diurnal range

77
Q

What is the main grape variety of Coombsville and Oak Knoll AVAs?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

78
Q

Provide four examples of AVAs further north on the valley floor less impacted by the San Pablo Bay’s extremes and what is their main black and white grape variety?

A

1) Yountville AVA
2) Stags Leap District AVA
3) Oakville AVA
4) Rutherford AVA

Cabernet Sauvignon
Sauvignon Blanc

79
Q

What is the most famous vineyard area in Oakville and Rutherford

A

The Rutherford Bench

80
Q

What are two furthest north valley floor AVAs with barely any SBP influence?

A

1) St Helena AVA
2) Calistoga AVA

81
Q

What are four Napa Valley AVAs on the mountain sides?

A

1) Mount Veeder AVA
2) Atlas Peak AVA
3) Howell Mountain AVA
3) Spring Mountain District AVA
4) Diamond Mountain District AVA

82
Q

Describe the typical Napa Valley mountain soil

A

Thin and poor
in nutrients, restricting vigour and leading to reduced yields of small, concentrated grapes.

83
Q

Describe the soils middle and east of the Napa Valley floor

A

Silt and clay formed by the Napa river as it has flooded and shrunk over time.

Highest fertility and water retaining capacity, and the wines that they produce tend to be less structured than
those from the mountains or alluvial fans.

84
Q

What are alluvial fans and where are they found in Napa Valley?

A

Created at the bottom of the mountains, generally on the west side
of the valley, caused by the deposition of sediments by mountain streams as they reach the
flat valley floor.

85
Q

What wine style do vineyards planted on alluvial fans produce?

A

The grapes and resulting style of wine is considered to be between that of
the mountains and mid-valley floor.

86
Q

Other than the popularity and prestige of Napa Valley wines, what also contributes to the high prices of its wines?

A

Almost all viable and permitted vineyard land has been
planted.

Legislation prevents land with more than a 30 per cent slope from being converted
to vineyard.

87
Q

How are Napa Valley vines typically trained and pruned?

A

Cordon or replacement spur, with VSP trellising

88
Q

Where is the Livermore Valley AVA?

A

Within the northern reaches of the Central Coast AVA, east of the San Francisco Bay

89
Q

Why is Livermore Valley AVA subjected to afternoon winds?

A

Hot air rises from the inland Central Valley to the east, which sucks in cool air from the San Fran Bay

90
Q

What are the soils of Livermore Valley AVA?

A

Stony, free-draining

91
Q

What is considered one of the oldest continually operating wine regions in the USA?

A

Livermore Valley AVA (1880s, Wente Meursault cuttings)

92
Q

Where are the vineyards of Santa Cruz Mountains AVA generally planted?

A

Along an 800masl ridgeline providing moderating influence on day-night temperatures

93
Q

How do the Santa Cruz Mountains AVA vineyards generally avoid frost?

A

Cool night air descends and forces warm air upwards maintaining relatively warm night temperatures

94
Q

Name five AVAs within Monterey County

A

1) Monterey County AVA
2) Santa Lucia Highlands AVA
3) Arroyo Seco AVA
4) Chalone AVA
5) Carmel Valley AVA

95
Q

What is the main geological feature of Monterey County?

A

The Salinas River Valley

96
Q

What effect does the The Salinas River Valley have on Monterey?

A

It opens onto Monterey Bay in the north, which has a particularly deep canyon resulting in cold waters that lower temperatures of the air and wind funneled through the valley.

97
Q

What are the vineyard plantings in the north of Monterey AVA compared with the south?

A

North - Pinot Noir and Riesling
South - Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Zinfandel

Chardonnay grown throughout

98
Q

What are the soils of Monterey AVA?

A

Free-draining sandy loam and gravel

99
Q

Describe the Santa Lucia Highlands AVA

A

30km strip of south-east facing alluvial terraces overlooking the Salinas Valley located near Monterey Bay

100
Q

What is a weather hazard in Santa Lucia Highlands AVA?

A

It can sometimes be so windy the vine’s stomata close, slowing ripening

101
Q

What are the three key varieties of Santa Lucia Highlands AVA?

A

1) Chardonnay
2) Pinot Noir
3) Syrah

102
Q

Why are the Arroyo Seco AVA vineyards within the canyon more suited to Cabernet, Syrah and Zinfandel?

A

It is more sheltered from coastal influence

103
Q

Why are the Arroyo Seco AVA vineyards on the plain more suited to Chardonnay and Pinot Noir?

A

They’re exposed to afternoon breezes

104
Q

Explain the growing conditions of Chalone AVA

A

1) Within the Gabilan Mountain Range at 550m
2) Above the fog line with warm, sunny days and cooler nights
3) Granite and limestone soils

105
Q

What varieties is Chalone AVA best known for?

A

Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

Also Chenin, Pinot Blanc and Syrah

106
Q

Why are Carmel Valley AVA vineyards amongst the warmest in Monterey?

A

Depending on aspect, they can be sheltered from coastal influence and are above the fog line.

107
Q

Name three AVAs of San Luis Obispo County

A

1) Paso Robles AVA
2) Edna Valley AVA
3) Arroyo Grande Valley AVA

108
Q

What is the best known sub-AVA of Paso Robles AVA?

A

Adelaida District AVA

109
Q

In what mountain range is Adelaida District AVA located?

A

Santa Lucia Mountains

110
Q

What style of wine do vineyards in the east of Paso Robles AVA produce and why?

A

Full-bodied wines with concentrated, ripe fruit flavours due to its warmer climate

111
Q

What is the Templeton Gap and what effect does it have on Paso Robles AVA’s westerly vineyards?

A

It is low point in the Coastal Range that allows the Pacific Ocean’s air to reach further inland,
providing a moderating influence on temperatures of the westerly sub-AVAs.

112
Q

What is unusual about Paso Robles’ soils compared with most of California?

A

Calcareous soil

113
Q

What soil component in parts of Paso Robles AVA permits dry grown vineyards?

A

Clay

114
Q

What are four common black grape varieties of Paso Robles AVA?

A

Cabernet
Syrah
Merlot
Zinfandel

115
Q

Name two significant producers of Paso Robles AVA

A

Saxum Vineyards and Tablas Creek

116
Q

Why is the Edna Valley AVA considered one of the coolest in California?

A

It’s about eight
kilometres from the Pacific Ocean.

The valley lies northwest-southeast and receives cool fog and wind from Morro Bay to the north.

117
Q

Describe the Aroya Grande Valley AVA

A

Warm and sunny days but the valley lies northeast-southwest,
which funnels in cool Pacific fog and wind up into the valley from the southwest, and cools temperatures at night, resulting in ripe grapes with high acidity

118
Q

What are the two main varieties of Edna Valley AVA and Arroyo Grande Valley AVA and into what style(s) are they made?

A

Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

Still and sparkling

119
Q

What are the two key AVAs of Santa Barbara County?

A

Santa Maria Valley and Santa Ynez Valley

120
Q

What are the four sub-AVAs of Santa Ynez Valley AVA?

A

1) Rita Hills
2) Ballard
Canyon
3) Los Olivos District
4) Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara

121
Q

What are the Transverse Ranges and where are they?

A

An east-west orientation of the Southern Coast Ranges formed by plate tectonic shifts.

Santa Barbara County

122
Q

Describe the effect of the Transverse Ranges

A

The western side of the valleys face the
Pacific Ocean and funnel in the cooling breezes and fog eastward into the vineyards, lowering
temperatures significantly.

123
Q

What are the two most common grape varieties in Santa Barbara County?

A

Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

124
Q

What are two key producers of Santa Barbara County?

A

Mail Road Wines and Sine Qua Non.

125
Q

What legislation is there in Santa Barbara County?

A

Legislation prevents wineries from setting up cellar doors on the site of their winery. Any cellar door or tasting room must be in a town or city.

126
Q

Describe the Santa Maria Valley AVA (3)

A

1) In the northern portion of the Santa Barbara County
2) The valley runs west to east, consistently funnelling cool Pacific Ocean air east to the vineyards, keeping
temperatures cool.
3) Vineyards are planted between around 100–250 m on hillside slopes
on sandy clay shale loam.

127
Q

What are two distinguishing features of Sta. Rita Hills AVA

A

1) Its east-west orientation is framed by the Purisima Hills to the north and the Santa Rosa Hills
to the south

2) Calcium-rich soils.

128
Q

Why are Grenache and Syrah more commonly planted in Ballard Canyon AVA?

A

It’s further inland and the canyon runs north to south, sheltering the vineyards from much of the cool breezes from the west.

129
Q

A mix of Bordeaux,
Rhône and Italian varieties are grown in Los Olivos AVA. Why?

A

It has warm, sunny days, but without altitude or much fog influence has a relatively low diurnal range

130
Q

Describe Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara AVA (3)

A

1) Furthest from the Pacific Ocean.
2) The valley shifts orientation to north-south, and blocks the Pacific breezes.
3) Cooling influences come from high altitude sites
and exposure to afternoon winds

131
Q

What are the two valleys of the Central Valley?

A

1) Sacramento Valley - north
2) San Joaquin Valley - south

132
Q

What are five common grape varieties planted in the Central Valley?

A

1) French Colombard
2) Chardonnay
3) Muscat
4) Zinfandel
5) Merlot

133
Q

What is the Central Valley most known for and why?

A

Large-scale
production due to its flat, fertile plains and high daytime temperatures

134
Q

Describe the climate of Lodi AVA

A

Hot Mediterranean moderated by
cooling afternoon winds from the San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

135
Q

How is it possible for coastal influence to travel so far inland to Lodi AVA?

A

Flat land in the area with breaks between the North and South Coast Ranges means
that breezes off the San Fran Bay

136
Q

Describe the viticultural set-up for Lodi AVA

A

Vineyards are on flatlands of free-draining sandy and clay loam soils

137
Q

How are vines typically trained in Lodi AVA and why?

A

cordon-trained and VSP trellised as replacement cane
systems would require more labour

138
Q

What premium variety is Lodi AVA most known for?

A

Zinfandel with some vines over 100 years old (sandy soils mean that phylloxera has not been a problem in some areas of the AVA, particularly Mokelumne River AVA).

139
Q

In 2006 Lodi AVA was subdivided into seven sub-AVAs. What is the largest?

A

Mokelumne River AVA

140
Q

Besides Lodi AVA, what is the other Central Valley AVA?

A

Clarksburg AVA

141
Q

Why does Clarksburg AVA share a similar climate to Lodi AVA?

A

Due to its proximity to the Sacramento-
San Joaquin Delta - with hot days moderated by
afternoon breezes

142
Q

What two varieties is Clarksburg AVA known for?

A

Chenin Blanc and Petite Sirah

143
Q

What provides the high diurnal range to Sierra Foothills AVa?

A

Hot daytime temperatures up to 35–40°C with cool air from the mountains at night

144
Q

What is the predominant soil type in Sierra Foothills AVA?

A

Sandy clay loam from decomposed granite that retains sufficient
water to allow for dry farming.

145
Q

What variety is Sierra Foothills AVA

A

Old vine Zinfandel, with some vines considerably
over 100 years old

146
Q

Where are the vineyards of South Coast AVA typically planted and why?

A

In areas exposed to
breezes from the Pacific, though some rely on altitude for temperature relief, as the low latitude means cooling influence is necessary

147
Q

Where is the South Coast AVA?

A

Extends from the south of Los Angeles to the border with Mexico

WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World (22 decks)

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