Chapter 2 pt. 3 Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

Sulcus and gyrus

A
  • plural is sulci and gyri
  • sulcus=a groove in the cerebral cortex
  • gyri=matter between two grooves/wrinkles
  • These increase the surface area of the brain, allowing it to process more info
  • Increases how much info can be packed in the skull
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2
Q

Gray and white matter

A
  • In an image gray is darker than white matter
  • Gray matter contains cell bodies and dendrites (no myelin)
  • White matter contains axons w fatty white myelin sheath
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3
Q

Axon tracts

A
  • When lots of myelinated axons travel together, they appear white due to the myelin sheath
  • Multiple axons traveling form a tract (called a tract in the CNS + a ganglia in the PNS)
  • Cortical and subcortical regions communicate with one another via these tracts
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4
Q

Corpus collosum

A

Axon tract that joins the two hemispheres

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5
Q

Cerebral cortex parts and landmarks

A
  • frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe
  • central sulcus, sylvian fissure, and longitudinal fissure
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6
Q

cerebral cortex

frontal lobe

A

front of the brain, makes decisions

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7
Q

cerebral cortex

parietal lobe

A
  • middle of the brain on top
  • associatiion cortex that takes info from multiple locations, crunches it up, and then determines what to do
  • Hand-eye coordination and other complex functions rely on the parietal lobe
  • Integrates visual info
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8
Q

cerebral cortex

Occipital lobe

A
  • At the very back of your brain (cerebellum sits underneath)
  • primary visual cortex
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9
Q

cerebral cortex

temporal lobe

A
  • right behind your ears
  • primary auditory cortex is a part
  • visual association cortex, helps you to identify objects
  • primary olfactory cortex
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10
Q

Central sulcus

A
  • central grove that is very big and expands from the middle all the way down
  • divides frontal from parietal lobe
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11
Q

Sylvian fissure

A
  • Fissure is a slightly larger sulcus
  • divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe
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12
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

divides the two hemispheres of the brain

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13
Q

Sensory cortical region of cerebral cortex

A
  • involved in processing sensory input. recieves strong input from sensory organs
  • Primary sensory cortex
  • visual cortex- within occipital lobe
  • auditory cortex-part of the temporal lobe that allows auditory processing
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14
Q

Motor cortical region of the cerebral cortex

A
  • invloved in driving movements or generating motor responses
  • makes strong connection to the spinal cord
  • primary motor cortex is one of the most important areas in driving movement (in the frontal lobe)
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15
Q

Associative cortical region of the cerebral cortex

A
  • involved in cognitive operations that are intermediate between sensing stimuli and acting upon them
  • parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and prefrontal cortex are associative
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16
Q

Homunculus

A
  • primary motor cortex is in front of the central sulcus
  • primary sensory cortex is behind the central sulcus
  • area devoted to each body part is determined by the amount you use something
17
Q

Functional neuroanatomy

A
  • The cerebral cortex is made up of many different sub-regions that have distinct functions but have surprisigly simmilar structure (cytoarchitecture)
  • cortical regions are largely defined by what they are connected with and their sub-regional cellular architecture
18
Q

6 layers of the cortex

A
  • cortical regions generally have 6 layers
  • layers 5 and 6 consist of pyramidal cells (cell bodies of pyramidal neurons reside here- are major output layers)
  • Apical (top) dendrites (go up straight mostly) and basal (bottom) dendrites (go out horizontal) recieve information from layer 4 which is a major input layer
  • pyramidal neurons are projection cells that project information to other cortical and subcortical regions
19
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • found in the basal part of our brain in the ventral part
  • Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
  • Caudate=habit formation
  • substantia nigra=consists of cell bodies of neurons that produce dopamine. involved in movement continuation
20
Q

Limbic system

A
  • Processes emotion
  • cingulate gyrus- involved in attention processing
  • amygdala- fear processing, appetitive behavior (behavior people like to perform), emotion center
  • Hippocampus- learning and memory formation
  • Stria terminalis- sex and threat responses, integration of hormonal signals, basal part involved in appetitive behavior (motivation to do sometion) and emotion regulation
21
Q

oflactory bulbs

A

helps w smell

22
Q

Optic chiasm

A

crossing of the optic nerves from your eyes

23
Q

singulate gyrus

A
  • involved in autism, pain processing, and emotion processing
  • located around the corpus callosum
24
Q

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Pituitary gland

A
  • Thalamus: major relay station for sensory information coming into the cerebral cortex
  • Hypothalamus + Pituitary Gland: neurohormone center, biological rhythms, hunger/thirst, body temp, sexual drive
25
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

attention processing

limbic system

26
Q

amygdala

A
  • fear processing, appetitive behavior (behavior people like to perform)
  • Emotion center

limbic system

27
Q

hippocampus

A

learning and memory formation

28
Q

Stria terminalis

A
  • sex and threat responses
  • integration of hormonal signals
  • basal part involved in appetitive behavior (motivation to do something) and emotion regulation
29
Q

Brainstem overview

A
  • midbrain, pons, and medulla
  • axons coming and going between spinal cord and brain
  • controls head, eyes, and gaze
  • automatic/autonomic functions
30
Q

superior colliculus

A
  • visual information processing, particularly processes gaze information
31
Q

inferior colliculus

A

auditory info processing

32
Q

pons

A
  • attached to the cerebellum
  • contains motor control and sensory nuclei
  • gives rise to the cranial nerves

brainstem

33
Q

medulla

A
  • contains cranial nerve nuclei and marks the transition from brain to spinal cord
  • involved in breathing and HR regulation

brainstem

34
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  • 12
  • arise form brain stem and pons
  • bundles of axons
  • within a nerve, different axons control sensory and motor processing
  • vagus nerve goes below the neck, all others stay above (to control ur face)

1-olfactory, 2-optic, 10-vagus which goes to gut

35
Q

cerebellum

A
  • highly folded
  • responsible for fine motor control
  • gait, balance, and muscle coordination