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Psyc 362- Behavioral Neuroscience > Did not know > Flashcards

Did not know Flashcards

1
Q

What are similarities in all NS of animals?

A
  • Certain aspects of the nervous sytem are shared across al species (ex. Peripheral ganglia) and especially closely releated species (brain and spinal cord in mammals)
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2
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

“housekeeping” ensure neurons get nutrients, support, and help w immunity from disease/infections

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3
Q

What do the cells consisting of the microvascular system of the brain do?

A
  • Provide nutrition/energy
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4
Q

What do neurofilaments do?

A

help the structure of axon, form the cytoskeleton of the axon itself

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5
Q

What do microtubles do?

A

Help transport vesicles go from one end to another

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6
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A
  • Help form tight junctions w blood vesicles, take nutrients from blood vessels and transfer to the neurons, protection mechanism
  • Support the metabolic and biochemical needs of neurons to allow a circuit to actually function
  • Help form BBB by sitting between capillaries (blood) and neurons
  • Directly rgulate synaptic signaling (triprtite synapse)
  • React to brain injury by alerting immune response, help repair and scarring
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7
Q

What is swelling?

A

Physical enlargement of microglia

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8
Q

What is the BBB the result of?

A

higher resistance in brain capillaries that restricts passage of large molecules- the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels are tightly bound.
* small molecules can cross but is overall very selective of what can get through

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9
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

occurs when a rupture in an artery allows blood to leak into the brain

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10
Q

Dura mater

A

thin but super tough, leathery, cannot penetrate it easily

located directly underneath the skull

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11
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

webby substance that creates reservoir called subarachnoid space that suspends the brain in spinal fluid

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12
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A
  • help distribute CSF
  • lines meninges and the ventricles
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13
Q

Choroid plexus

A
  • creates/produces CSF by filtering blood
  • membrane lining just the ventricles!
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14
Q

Autonomic NS

A
  • Consists of many ganglia (bundles of neurons in PNS) that are distributed all over the body including the visceral organs…. influence the visceral organs
  • divides into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric
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15
Q

Somatic NS

A
  • voluntary movements
  • nerves from your sense organs back to the CNS to feed your brain info about what is going on around your body
  • consists of nerves from the CNS to the skeletal muscles allowing you to move your body willingly
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16
Q

What are nerves?

A
  • Axons traveling to the CNS from: eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose, muscles, tendons, etc
17
Q

What is the CNS responsible for?

A
  • Senses
  • Initiating muscle movement
  • Attention, cognition, thought perception, affect, and mood
  • Automatic life-essential function(breathing, hunger regulation, thermoregulation, pain regulation, circadian rhythm)
18
Q

As you move from caudal to rostral of the CNS, functions carried out generally become…

A

less automatic and more complex

19
Q

Spinal cord areas

A
  • Cervical (neck)
  • Thoracic (trunk, lungs area)
  • Lumbar (lower back)
  • Sacral (pelvic)
  • Coccygeal (bottom/tailbone)
20
Q

Dorsal vs Ventral

A
  • dorsal root ganglion take information from the skin to the spinal cord; sensory info coming in
  • Ventral root ganglion- cell bodies in ventral horn and send axons to the effectory muscles; make the muscles move; motor
21
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • makes decisions
  • primary motor cortex
  • prefrontal cortex contains an association processing area
22
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • visual association cortex- hand/eye coordination
  • primary sensory cortex- sense of touch
  • spatial cognition
23
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • visual association cortex- identifing objects
  • auditory cortex (sensory processing area)
  • primary olfactory cortex
24
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • caudate-habit formation
  • subtantia nigra- cell bodies of dopamine-producing neurons, involved in movement continuation
  • globus pallidus (under putamen)
  • putamen
  • Subthalamic nucleus
25
Q

limbic system

A
  • amygdala- emotion center, appetitive behavior, fear processing
  • hippocampus- learning and memory formation
  • cingulate gyrus: attention, autism, pain and emotion processing
  • stria terminalis: appetitive behavior, sex and threat responses, emotional regulation

emotion processing

26
Q

brainstem

A
  • midbrain: inferior colliculus (auditory info processing), superior colliculus (visual info esp. gaze)
  • pons: attaches to cerebellum, contains motor control+sensory info, gives rise to the cranial nerves
  • medulla: HR regulation and breathing, contains cranial nerve nulclei, marks transition from brain to spinal cord

automatic/autonomic functions, eye+head+gaze

27
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12
  • control face (vague goes below neck tho)
  • within a nerve, different axons control sensory and motor processing
  • 1-olfactory
  • 2-optic
  • 10-vagus
28
Q

How is the resting membrane potential maintained?

A

Sodium-potassium pumps
The pump sits in the membrane and uses energy to push ions against their concentration gradient
Na+/K+=ATPase pump moves sodium and potassium ions… moves 3Na+ ions out and 2K+ ions in for every molecule of energy that is utilized

29
Q

ligand-gated/ionotropic ion channels

A

Axon terminals of other cells secrete chemicals that can regulate the opening of channels
Channels are found on the membrane just like the ion channels were, generally found in the synaptic areas
When NT are released, they bind to these channels and open them, allowing ions to flow through

this happens to cause an AP (before)

ex. when acetylcholine molecules are present in the synapse the channel will open and ions will be able to flow through

30
Q

Tetrodotoxin/Saxitoxin

A
  • TTX- puffer fish, STX/PTX- paralytic shell fish
  • Block voltage-gated Na+ channels
31
Q

Batrachotoxin

A

forces Na+ channels to stay open
-BTX (frog)

32
Q

Agitoxin and betabungarotoxin

A
  • block voltage gated K+ channels
  • scorpian and snake
33
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • derived from tyrosine AA
  • ne neurons play an important role in arousal
  • cell activity in the locus coerueus is highly correlated with the sleep/wake cycle
  • damage to these reduce waking, arousal, and vigilance
  • abnormal activation of cells results in anxiety and hypoerarousal
  • unused NE is removed from the synapse by norepinephrine transporters
34
Q

serotonin

A
  • derived from aa tryptophan
  • originates in the raphe nuclei
  • sleep/wake cycle
  • feeding
  • secual function
  • mood
  • serotonin transposrter removes serotonin from the synapse
35
Q

dopamine

A
  • derived from tyrosine
  • originates in the VTA and projects to limbic and cortical areas (VTANACH)
  • Originates from the SN and projects to dorsal striatum (SNS-CP)
  • involved in movement continuation, reward, reinforcement, and learning
  • removed from synapse via dopamine transporter
36
Q

acetylcholine

A
  • derived from Acetyl CoA and Choline
  • Originates in the basal forebrain
  • cholinergic nerve cell bodies and projections contain acetylcholine
  • lost in alzheimer’s disease
  • involved with learning and memory

Psyc 362- Behavioral Neuroscience (24 decks)

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