Chapter 2 pt. 3

Question 1

Sulcus and gyrus

Answer 1

• plural is sulci and gyri
• sulcus=a groove in the cerebral cortex
• gyri=matter between two grooves/wrinkles
• These increase the surface area of the brain, allowing it to process more info
• Increases how much info can be packed in the skull

Question 2

Gray and white matter

Answer 2

• In an image gray is darker than white matter
• Gray matter contains cell bodies and dendrites (no myelin)
• White matter contains axons w fatty white myelin sheath

Question 3

Axon tracts

Answer 3

• When lots of myelinated axons travel together, they appear white due to the myelin sheath
• Multiple axons traveling form a tract (called a tract in the CNS + a ganglia in the PNS)
• Cortical and subcortical regions communicate with one another via these tracts

Question 4

Corpus collosum

Answer 4

Axon tract that joins the two hemispheres

Question 5

Cerebral cortex parts and landmarks

Answer 5

• frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe
• central sulcus, sylvian fissure, and longitudinal fissure

Question 6

cerebral cortex

frontal lobe

Answer 6

front of the brain, makes decisions

Question 7

cerebral cortex

parietal lobe

Answer 7

• middle of the brain on top
• associatiion cortex that takes info from multiple locations, crunches it up, and then determines what to do
• Hand-eye coordination and other complex functions rely on the parietal lobe
• Integrates visual info

Question 8

cerebral cortex

Occipital lobe

Answer 8

• At the very back of your brain (cerebellum sits underneath)
• primary visual cortex

Question 9

cerebral cortex

temporal lobe

Answer 9

• right behind your ears
• primary auditory cortex is a part
• visual association cortex, helps you to identify objects
• primary olfactory cortex

Question 10

Central sulcus

Answer 10

• central grove that is very big and expands from the middle all the way down
• divides frontal from parietal lobe

Question 11

Sylvian fissure

Answer 11

• Fissure is a slightly larger sulcus
• divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe

Question 12

Longitudinal fissure

Answer 12

divides the two hemispheres of the brain

Question 13

Sensory cortical region of cerebral cortex

Answer 13

• involved in processing sensory input. recieves strong input from sensory organs
• Primary sensory cortex
• visual cortex- within occipital lobe
• auditory cortex-part of the temporal lobe that allows auditory processing

Question 14

Motor cortical region of the cerebral cortex

Answer 14

• invloved in driving movements or generating motor responses
• makes strong connection to the spinal cord
• primary motor cortex is one of the most important areas in driving movement (in the frontal lobe)

Question 15

Associative cortical region of the cerebral cortex

Answer 15

• involved in cognitive operations that are intermediate between sensing stimuli and acting upon them
• parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and prefrontal cortex are associative

Question 16

Homunculus

Answer 16

• primary motor cortex is in front of the central sulcus
• primary sensory cortex is behind the central sulcus
• area devoted to each body part is determined by the amount you use something

Question 17

Functional neuroanatomy

Answer 17

• The cerebral cortex is made up of many different sub-regions that have distinct functions but have surprisigly simmilar structure (cytoarchitecture)
• cortical regions are largely defined by what they are connected with and their sub-regional cellular architecture

Question 18

6 layers of the cortex

Answer 18

• cortical regions generally have 6 layers
• layers 5 and 6 consist of pyramidal cells (cell bodies of pyramidal neurons reside here- are major output layers)
• Apical (top) dendrites (go up straight mostly) and basal (bottom) dendrites (go out horizontal) recieve information from layer 4 which is a major input layer
• pyramidal neurons are projection cells that project information to other cortical and subcortical regions

Question 19

Basal ganglia

Answer 19

• found in the basal part of our brain in the ventral part
• Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
• Caudate=habit formation
• substantia nigra=consists of cell bodies of neurons that produce dopamine. involved in movement continuation

Question 20

Limbic system

Answer 20

• Processes emotion
• cingulate gyrus- involved in attention processing
• amygdala- fear processing, appetitive behavior (behavior people like to perform), emotion center
• Hippocampus- learning and memory formation
• Stria terminalis- sex and threat responses, integration of hormonal signals, basal part involved in appetitive behavior (motivation to do sometion) and emotion regulation

Question 21

oflactory bulbs

Answer 21

helps w smell

Question 22

Optic chiasm

Answer 22

crossing of the optic nerves from your eyes

Question 23

singulate gyrus

Answer 23

• involved in autism, pain processing, and emotion processing
• located around the corpus callosum

Question 24

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Pituitary gland

Answer 24

• Thalamus: major relay station for sensory information coming into the cerebral cortex
• Hypothalamus + Pituitary Gland: neurohormone center, biological rhythms, hunger/thirst, body temp, sexual drive

Question 25

cingulate gyrus

Answer 25

attention processing

limbic system

Question 26

amygdala

Answer 26

• fear processing, appetitive behavior (behavior people like to perform)
• Emotion center

limbic system

Question 27

hippocampus

Answer 27

learning and memory formation

Question 28

Stria terminalis

Answer 28

• sex and threat responses
• integration of hormonal signals
• basal part involved in appetitive behavior (motivation to do something) and emotion regulation

Question 29

Brainstem overview

Answer 29

• midbrain, pons, and medulla
• axons coming and going between spinal cord and brain
• controls head, eyes, and gaze
• automatic/autonomic functions

Question 30

superior colliculus

Answer 30

• visual information processing, particularly processes gaze information

Question 31

inferior colliculus

Answer 31

auditory info processing

Question 32

pons

Answer 32

• attached to the cerebellum
• contains motor control and sensory nuclei
• gives rise to the cranial nerves

brainstem

Question 33

medulla

Answer 33

• contains cranial nerve nuclei and marks the transition from brain to spinal cord
• involved in breathing and HR regulation

brainstem

Question 34

Cranial nerves

Answer 34

• 12
• arise form brain stem and pons
• bundles of axons
• within a nerve, different axons control sensory and motor processing
• vagus nerve goes below the neck, all others stay above (to control ur face)

1-olfactory, 2-optic, 10-vagus which goes to gut

Question 35

cerebellum

Answer 35

• highly folded
• responsible for fine motor control
• gait, balance, and muscle coordination