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Psyc 362- Behavioral Neuroscience > Motor > Flashcards

Motor Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

reflex vs. voluntary movement

Spinal Reflex

A
  • simple, unvarying, innate/unlearned responses
  • do not require brain inputs to the spinal cord (nothing is actually coming down from the brain)
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2
Q

reflex vs. voluntary movement

Voluntary movements

A
  • require brain inputs (cognition/brain involvement) to the spinal cord
  • motor plan/program: “How will this movement be orchestrated?” is established before an action occurs
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3
Q

reflex vs. voluntar movement

proprioception

A
  • knowing position and movement of body
  • muscle length
  • muscle tension/movement
  • aka kinesthesia and is present in every muscle movement you have… it is the body’s awareness sense…innate
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4
Q

Circuits that drive movement process

A
  1. receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integration center
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector
    -(sense input to integration to motor output)
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5
Q

What do motor systems do?

A
  • Sensing the outside world guides action selection (we have to know where things are around us). An action performed accurately approach reward and is reinforced, while an action performed poorly is not reinforced “withdraw from negative”
  • CNS produces specific patterns of muscle contractions that lead to specific actions (motor outcome/behavior)
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6
Q

Motor systems

Primary motor cortex

A

initiates main commands

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7
Q

Motor systems

Non primary motor cortex

A

additional motor commands

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8
Q

Motor systems

Brainstem

A
  • integrates motor commands from higher brain regions and transmits them to the spinal cord
  • responsible for muslces of face, head, and neck
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9
Q

Motor systems

Cerebellum/basal ganglia

A
  • modulates (modifies) motor control systems/fine tuning
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10
Q

Motor systems

Spinal cord

A
  • reflexes
  • also immplements commands from the brain
  • muscles of body
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11
Q

Motor systems

Skeletal muscle system

A

determines possible movements

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12
Q

Synergists

A

muscles can be synergists, which means they contract together

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13
Q

antagonists

A

muscles can be antagonists and contract opposing each other

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14
Q

“flex” of bicep

A

motor neurons to biceps are excited while motor neurons to triceps are inhibited

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15
Q

How do muscles contract? - first three steps

A
  • alpha motoneuron: sends an axon to a motor end plate that opposes a striated muscle (massive)
  • Multiple axon terminals “contact” multiple muscle fibers
  • synapses are called neuromuscular junctions
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16
Q

What occurs at a neuromuscular junction?

A
  • presynaptic motor neuron terminal
  • synapse
  • postsynaptic muscle fiber
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17
Q

neuromuscular junction neurotransmission

A
  • Alpha motoneuron releases ACh from the motor end plates
  • ACh binds to nitoninc acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) to allow Na+ influx
  • Creates EPP (end plate potential) which triggers muscle fiber contraction
18
Q

What are Betz cells?

A
  • Pyramidal neurons that produce glutamate and form the homunculus
  • found in the primary motor cortex (M1)
19
Q

Describe the structure of M1 pyramidal neurons

A
  • M1 pyramidal neurons form axon bundles
  • bundles cross (decussate) in the medulla
  • then descend caudally in the spinal cord via corticospinal tract
  • synapse onto ventral spinal cord alpha-motoneurons
  • muscle fiber contracts
20
Q

Where do M1 pyramidal neurons cross?

A

in the medulla

21
Q

cross fancy word

A

decussate

22
Q

Where do M1 pyramidal neurons synapse?

A

onto ventral spinal cord alpha-motoneurons

22
Q

Where do M1 pyramidal neurons descend?

A

caudally in spinal cord via corticospinal tract

23
Q

What does the contraction of simple msucle units in M1 do?

A

lead to simple movements

24
Q

What do the Supplementary motor area (SMA) and premotor cortex do?

A
  • control subsets of M1 neurons
  • helpful in coordinating activity of muscle units particularly for complex movements
25
Q

What does the SMA do?

A
  • rehearses action before it occurs/plans
  • doesn’t necessarily take the outside environment to account
26
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A

directs movement based on external stimuli

27
Q

Mirror neurons

A
  • located in premotor cortex
  • neurons active when performing a task are also active when watching someone else perform the same/similary task
  • useful for learning or cooperation maybe
28
Q

motor deficits

Apraxia

A
  • impairment in beginning/executing voluntary movements even though no muscle parlysis
29
Q

motor deficits

Ideomotor apraxia

A
  • the inability to carry out a simple motor activity in response to verbal command, even though this ame activity is readily performed spontaneously
30
Q

motor deficits

ideational apraxia

A

the inability to carry out a sequence of actions, even though each element or step can be done correctly

31
Q

What is the EMS and what does it do?

A
  • The Extrapyramidal Motor System
  • Contains the basal ganglia and cerebellum
  • Connects w motor cortices to form a closed loop (cortex to EMS to cortex)
32
Q

What is the basal ganglia a part of? What is the basal ganglia’s function?

A
  • the basal ganglia is part of the Extrapyramidal Motor System
  • involved in the initiation of motor action (related to motivational systems and cognition)
33
Q

What is the Cerebellum’s function and what is it a part of?

A

coordination, precision, and accurate timing

34
Q

EMS activation timeline

A
  • the cerebellum and non-primary motor cortices activate after the basal ganglia and primary motor cortex
35
Q

D1 and D2 dopamine receptors

A
  • D1 and D2 are dopamine receptors
  • D1 receptors exictatory-activate neuron-GO/DIRECT pathway
  • D2 receptors inhibit neurons- STOP/INDIRECT pathway

in basal ganglia

36
Q

What does dopamine do to the GO and STOP pathways?

A
  • dopamine turns on the GO pathway, which leads to reward-seeking
  • dopamine turns off the STOP pathway, wich leads to reward-seeking
37
Q

parkinson’s disease

A
  • resting tremor, impaired gair, difficult initiating movements
  • progressive: eventually affects all behavior, including swallowing
  • unknown etiology (partially genetic, partially environmental)
  • loss of substantia nigra dopamine neurons
  • pharmacological therapy involves dopamine replacement
38
Q

Huntington’s disease

A
  • chorea
  • genetic; caused by single allele
  • longer repeat sequences, earlier onset
  • eventual striatum cell death
39
Q

What gene causes HD?

A

trinucleotide expansion in huntingtin gene (>40 repeats)

longer repeat sequences, earlier onset

40
Q
A

Psyc 362- Behavioral Neuroscience (24 decks)

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