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Psyc 362- Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 7-Development > Flashcards

Chapter 7-Development Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

When is the largest brain growth observed? (weight)

A

From birth to age 5

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2
Q

When does brain weight begin to deteriorate?

A

Around age 30

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3
Q

What causes the nervous system to be highly organized?

A
  • During all stages of development the nervous system is highly organized due to genes, environment/experience, and the interaction of the two
  • (Think nature vs nurture)

Ex. rats with low maternal licking and grooming will have genes altered in a way that causes high stress hormone levels, high anxiety, and low licking and grooming themselves. A rat with high maternal licking and grooming will have low stress hormone levels, low anxiety, and high self-licking and grooming

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4
Q

What does the mesoderm layer of the embryo give rise to?

A

The skeleton and muscles

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5
Q

What does the endoderm layer of the skin give rise to?

A

The internal organs

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6
Q

What does the ectoderm layer turn into?

A

The nervous system and skin

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7
Q

How is the neural plate formed?

A
  • The neural plate is formed by the thickening of the extoderm
  • The whole process is called neurulation
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8
Q

What is neurulation?

A

The whole process of the neural plate being formed via thickening of ectoderm

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9
Q

How is the neural groove formed and what does it give rise to? What is it?

A
  • The neural groove is a shallow median groove of the neural plate
  • Formed by uneven rates of cell division in the neural plate
  • The neural plate is the future CNS

formed around day 20

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10
Q

What is the neural crest?

A
  • The neural crest cells are progenitors for the entire PNS
  • Seen on top edges (tips) of the neural groove

formed around day 20

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11
Q

What happens on day 18 of development?

A

The embryo consists of three layers of cells:endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
-thickening of the ectoderm leads to development of the neural plate (first structure of the brain)

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12
Q

What happens on day 20 of development?

A
  • The neural groove begins to develop
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13
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A
  • The neural groove joins together to form the Neural Tube with a fluid-filled central canal
  • The neural crest cells are located on top of the canal
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14
Q

What does the central canal and neural tube form?

A
  • The central canal (fluid filled canal inside neural tube) will form ventricles and the spinal cord canal- w cerebral spinal fluid
  • The cells lining the neural tube will be the progenitors for the entire CNS
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15
Q

What happens on day 22 of development?

A
  • The neural tube and fluid-filled central canal are formed by the neural groove joining together
  • The rudimentary begininning of the brain is located at the anterior end
  • The cranial end forks out to form the brain plate
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16
Q

How is the brain plate formed?

A
  • The cranial end of the ectoderm forks out to form the brain plate
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17
Q

What happens on day 24?

A

The major brain divisions are discernible via sepearate sections within the brain plate area forming

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18
Q

What does the telencephalon turn into?

A
  • the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia
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19
Q

What does the diencephalon turn into?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

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20
Q

What does the rhobencephalon (hindbrain) give rise to?

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla
21
Q

What does the midbrain (mesencephalon) give rise to?

A
  • The substantia nigra and VTA
22
Q

What happens around day 24 as a result of neurogenesis?

A

The cranial end of the neural tube swells

23
Q

What do neural crest cells become?

A

the neurons of somatic and autonomic nervous system

24
Q

What happens at day 25?

A

There is the start of a head

25
Q

What happens at day 40?

A

Folds in the head (not sulci and gyri)

26
Q

What happens at day 50?

A

You can tell the brain is distinctly human

27
Q

What happens at 100 days?

A

The surface of the brain is formed (but with no sulci and gyri)

28
Q

What happens at 10 weeks?

A

The brain is very similar to a rat’s brain

29
Q

What happens at 15 weeks?

A

The brain is double the size of week 10

30
Q

What happens at 30 weeks?

A

Fissures and somewhat defined lobes w some grooves

31
Q

List the 6 stages of neural development

A
  • Neurogenesis
  • Cell migration
  • Differentiation
  • Synaptogenesis
  • Neuronal cell death
  • Synapse rearrangement
32
Q

When are neurons generated?

A
  • Most are generated before birth, some during childhood, and some during adulthood
  • The steep increase in brain weight from ages 1-5 is the result of neurogenesis in childhood
  • Research shows under very spedific conditions this can occur in adults as well
33
Q

What occurs during neurogenesis symmetric division?

A
  • The cells lining the central canal, are known as the ventricular zone
  • Precursor cells divide symmetrically to expand the ventricular zone via mitosis
  • neurons and glial cells are dirived from the cells that originate from this ventricular mitosis
34
Q

What happens during neurogenesis- asymmetric division?

A
  • The cell division switches to “asymmetric division” where one daughter cell migrates out, while the other continues to divide
  • The cell that stays on the outer surface becomes a neuron, while the one that stays on the inner surface (in ventricular zone) will replicate it
35
Q

Cell migration

A
  • Cells move away from the ventricular zone using radial glial cells as guides
  • The migration is directed by cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)
  • As the marginal zone fills, the cortical plate is produced
  • As neurons migrate, they push past previous neurons to populate the outermost part of the cortical plate (layer 6 is built first)
36
Q

How is the brain region a cell ends up in during cell migration dictated?

A

based on where it was born in the ventricular zone

37
Q

What do radial glial cells do during cell migration?

A
  • These cells connect the ventricular zone with a particular spot in the marginal zone
  • They act as guides, supporting a migrating neuron that wraps itself around the glial cell and climbs it to wherever it needs to be
38
Q

How do we get the six layers of the cortex?

A
  • During migration, neurons push past previous neurons to populate the outermost part of the cortical plate
  • the waves of cells form the laminar structure in an inside-out manner
39
Q

Neuron differentiation

A
  • When cells arrive at their destination, they begin to express genes to make the specific proeins they need
  • They differentiate (take on a specific final morphology- glia, neurons, and particular subtypes of each)
40
Q

What controls what a cell will differentiate into?

A

Intrinsic factors: Internal genetic/molecular signals
Extrinsic factors: molecular/chemical influences around the cell

40
Q

What is sonic hedgehog and what does it do?

A
  • A protein that the notochord (green) releases into ventral developing spinal cord, producing motor neurons (gold)
  • Transplant notochord to the dorsal side
  • Sonic hedgehog gene is how the dorsal and ventral roots differentiate, if you transplant the notochord to the dorsal, the motor neurons will be formed in the dorsal spinal cord

notochord is a tube like structure underneath the neural tube

40
Q

Synaptogenesis

A
  • Almost all neurons are generated by birth, but most synapses form post-natal
  • Neurons must grow axons and dendrites, and make correct synapses/connections
  • When synapses start to form there’s basically “over-connection,” everything seems interesting, then pruning happens to become more efficient
  • Growth cones grow towards another neron and form a synapse, target cells will repel or attract
40
Q

Synaptogenesis- Explain how growth cones work

A
  • Cells/tissue secrete chemicals that attract/repel specific axons/dendrites
  • Chemoattractive vs chemorepulsive molecules
  • Two structures that should be connected share a common chemical substrate that lays down the pathway between them
41
Q

Cell death

A
  • Initial neurogenesis overproduces cells, so there is a selective elimination of those not necessary
  • This depends on if it receives neurotropic factors from target cells that it synapses with
  • Apoptosis
41
Q

What happens during apoptosis?

A
  • Unneeded cells are instructed to die via a phenomenon of programmed cell death, or apoptosis
  • Ca2+ influx causes diablo protein to be released, which blocks the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs)
  • This causes widespread biochemical changes, leading to cell death
41
Q

What happens during synapse rearrangement/remodeling?

A
  • The initial synaptogenesis overproduces synapses so they are selectively eliminated (AKA pruned)
  • Selective formation of new synapses (this continues for life)
  • Regulated by neuronal activity (action potentials), “neurons that fire together, wire together”
  • selective formation of new formation is what allows learning to occur
  • neurons thtat coordinated info and respond in a similar time will be connected together
42
Q

How is gray and white matter affected with age?

A
  • White matter increases as you age (myelin sheath)… signal transduction becomes better as a person ages
43
Q

How is PFC and Striatum connection affected w age?

A
  • PFC (decision making) and striatum (reward processing) barely connects in children, but is very strong in adults especially around 25 years old
  • the Striatium to PFC is strong for children (but not PFC to striatum) which leads to strong reward processing with not great decision making skills

Psyc 362- Behavioral Neuroscience (24 decks)

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