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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Introduction to Patho/Pharm > Flashcards

Introduction to Patho/Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

What does Toxic Effects of a med mean ?

A

specific risks and manifestations of toxicity
- develop when taking med for a length period of time or when toxic amounts build up

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2
Q

What do Contraindications/Precautions of a med mean ?

A

conditions that make it risky or completely unsafe for pt’s to take

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3
Q

What does the Mechanism of Action of a med mean ?

A

how meds produce their therapeutic effect

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4
Q

What does Medication Interactions mean ?

A

meds that interact with each other that can create beneficial or harmful effects

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5
Q

What does Preparation, Administration, or Dosage mean for a med ?

A

any specific considerations for preparation, safe dosages, and how to administer the med

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6
Q

What does the Therapeutic Effect of a med mean ?

A

the expected effect (physiological response) for which the nurse administers a med to a specific pt
- can have more then 1 therapeutic effect

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7
Q

What does Adverse Effects of a med mean ?

A

undesirable and potentially dangerous responses to a medication

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8
Q

What are the 9 rights of drug administration ?

A

Right:
- patient
- drug
- dose
- time
- route/form
- documentation
- reason or indication
- response
- to refuse

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9
Q

What does the weight of a child need to be so they can receive an adult dose ?

A

50 kg (110 lbs)

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10
Q

How can you improve compliance with taking meds ?

A
  • convenient drug forms
  • select dosing times to lifestyle
  • mix with foods
  • calibrated spoons or sucking devices
  • return demos
  • med log on fridge
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11
Q

What is the chemical name of a drug mean ?

A

describes the drug’s atomic and molecular structure

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12
Q

What does the generic name of a drug mean ?

A

identifies the drug’s active ingredient
- nonproprietary name

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13
Q

What does the trade name of a drug mean ?

A

brand or proprietary name
- many times the name the pt will recognize

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14
Q

What drug name do Nurses use ?

A

generic name

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15
Q

What is pharmacotherapeutics ?

A

use of clinical drug to prevent and treat disease

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16
Q

What is an additive effect ?

A

drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone
- 1+1=2

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17
Q

What is an adverse drug event ?

A

any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication

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18
Q

What is an adverse drug reaction ?

A

any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a med given at therapeutic dosages

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19
Q

What is an agonist ?

A

a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

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20
Q

What is an allergic reaction ?

A

an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication
- a type of adverse drug event.

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21
Q

What is an antagonist ?

A

a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body
- aka an inhibitor

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22
Q

What is an antagonistic effect ?

A

drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone
- 1+1< 2
- usually reduces or blocks effect of one drug on another

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23
Q

What is Cytochrome P-450 ?

A

the general name for a large class of enzymes that plays a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

24
Q

What does the duration of action mean ?

A

the length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

25
Q

What is the first-pass effect ?

A

the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream

26
Q

What does a drug’s half-life mean ?

A

amount it takes for half of the drug metabolize
- important to avoid toxicity

27
Q

What is a idiosyncratic reaction ?

A

an abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient

28
Q

What does onset of action mean ?

A

the time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

29
Q

What does the peak effect mean ?

A

the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body.

30
Q

What does peak level mean ?

A

the maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

31
Q

What is pharmacodynamics ?

A

the study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity
- examines the effect of the drug on the body

32
Q

What is steady state ?

A

the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

33
Q

What is the synergistic effect ?

A

working for the same goal/working together to treat 1 thing

34
Q

What is the therapeutic index ?

A

ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

35
Q

What is tolerance ?

A

reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

36
Q

What is trough level ?

A

lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level
- usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

37
Q

What is the most common blood protein that carries the most protein-bound drug molecules ?

A

albumin

38
Q

What is supplemental therapy ?

A

supplies the body with a substance needed to maintain normal function
- ex.) give insulin to diabetics
- giving multiple different therapies

39
Q

What is palliative therapy ?

A

end of life care
- provides relief from symptoms of dying process

40
Q

What is supportive therapy ?

A

medication supporting another, or supporting the patient through a procedure
- maintains integrity of body functions during recovery
- ex.) giving fluids and electrolytes to a pt to prevent dehydration caused by diarrhea

41
Q

What is prophylactic therapy ?

A

helps prevent illness or other undesirable outcome during planned events
- ex.) taking antibiotics after a surgery

42
Q

What is empiric therapy ?

A

when treating something but don’t know what for
- giving antibiotics for an unknown infection until you get results from culture and sensitivity

43
Q

What is acute therapy ?

A

intensive drug treatment in those who are critically ill
- often needed to sustain life or treat disease

44
Q

What is maintenance therapy ?

A

preventing further progression of disease or condition
- but not “fixing” preexisting condition

45
Q

What are extrapyramidal symptoms ?

A

symptom that morphs your face
- ex) stick tongue out while talking

46
Q

What is a black box warning ?

A

label that flags important safety info
- most serious warning required by the FDA
- just a warning so you can still use drug

47
Q

What is pharmacokinetics ?

A

study of what happens to the drug from the time it is put into the body to the time it leaves the body
- what the body does to the drug

48
Q

What are the 3 routes of medication administration ?

A
  • enteral: oral or tube in stomach
  • parenteral: all forms of injections (IM, SQ, IV)
  • topical: applied to skin or mucous membranes
49
Q

What is a side effect ?

A

reaction to a drug
- usually not life-threatening

50
Q

What is bioavailability ?

A

how much of the med is available for the body to use

51
Q

What is the subtherapeutic level ?

A

level of which the med is not working

52
Q

What is a loading dose ?

A

massive first dose to get them to the therapeutic level and the addition doses after to keep them at that level (maintenance dose)

53
Q

What is the substrate needed for ?

A

for med to metabolize

54
Q

What is the inhibitor needed for ?

A

slows down (inhibits) the metabolism of the med

55
Q

What is the induce needed for ?

A

speeds up the metabolism of the med (need higher dose)

56
Q

What are the phases of pharmacokinetics ?

A
  1. absorption
  2. distribution
  3. metabolism/biotransformation
  4. excretion

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (13 decks)

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