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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Perfusion > Flashcards

Perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

What is perfusion ?

A

process of transporting nutrients to the cells and surrounding tissues

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2
Q

What is the difference between central and tissue perfusion ?

A
  • Central: perfusion to the heart muscle itself
  • Tissue: peripheral perfusion
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3
Q

What is cardiac output ?

A

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

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4
Q

What is blood pressure ?

A

force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels

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5
Q

What is blood pressure a measure of ?

A

cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance

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6
Q

What is systole ?

A

contraction of myocardium
- < 120 is good

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7
Q

What is diastole ?

A

relaxation of myocardium
- <80 is good

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8
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP) ?

A

the average pressure within the arterial system that is felt by organs in the body
- goal MAP: >60 mmHG

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9
Q

What are the 3 functional ways to view cardiac activity ?

A
  • electrical
  • muscular
  • vascular
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10
Q

What is the SA node ?

A

pacemaker of the heart
- electrical system starts here
- 60-100 bpm

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11
Q

What is the AV node ?

A

delays electrical signal
- 40-60 bpm
- further down the SA node the slower the HR

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12
Q

What is the Purkinje Fibers ?

A

deliver shock to both ventricles
- 20-40 bpm

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13
Q

What is the Frank-Sterling Law ?

A

the greater the contraction, the more force the blood is excreted out of the aorta

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14
Q

Where does the Left Coronary and Circumflex Artery supply blood to ?

A

to left atrium, left ventricle, interventricuar septum

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15
Q

Where does the Right Coronary Artery supply blood to ?

A

to right atrium, right ventricle, and posterior side of left ventricle

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16
Q

When does coronary circulation occur ?

A

during diastole

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17
Q

What is Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) ?

A

total peripheral resistance that your heart must overcome to provide adequate perfusion

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18
Q

What are the 3 factors that influence Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) ?

A
  • vascular resistance
  • blood viscosity
  • turbulence
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19
Q

How does length affect vascular resistance ?

A

the longer the tube the more resistance
- usually static in pt’s

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20
Q

How does diameter affect vascular resistance ?

A
  • the wider the diameter the less resistance
  • the smaller the diameter the more resistance
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21
Q

What is viscosity ?

A

measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow
- high viscosity needs high pressure to move

22
Q

Which types of conditions are those that affect blood viscosity ?

A

that involve Hct levels
- Ex. Polycythemia, DM

23
Q

Why do pt’s with DM have thick blood ?

A

they have more glucose in their blood

24
Q

What is turbulence ?

A

type of fluid flow that undergoes irregular fluctuations in speed

25
Q

What assessment finding will indicate turbulence ?

A

a bruit
- can be caused by vessel changes (atherosclerotic plaque)

26
Q

What are baroreceptors ?

A

stretch receptors located in aortic arch and carotid arteries

27
Q

What happens when BP decreases ?

A
  • increases: HR, contractility, vasoconstriction (alpha1 & beta1)
28
Q

What happens when BP increases ?

A

parasympathetic activity increases
- parasympathetic will increase in order to decrease the BP

29
Q

What does the Alpha 1 Adrenergic receptor do ?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • increased peripheral resistance
  • increased BP
30
Q

What does the Alpha 2 Adrenergic receptor do ?

A
  • inhibits: norepinephrine release, acetylcholine release, & insulin release
  • vasodilation
  • works in the brainstem which results in reduced sympathetic stimulation
31
Q

What does the Beta 1 Adrenergic Receptor do ?

A
  • tachycardia
  • increased myocardial contractility
  • increased release of renin
32
Q

What does the Beta 2 Adrenergic Receptor do ?

A
  • bronchodilation
  • decreased peripheral resistance
33
Q

What is the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) ?

A

how your kidneys, liver, and lungers affect your BP
- liver produces angiotensinogen and cholesterol
- kidneys produce renin
- lungs produce ACE

34
Q

What does Angiotensin 2 cause ?

A

vasoconstriction of vessel

35
Q

How does more or less water affect your BP ?

A
  • more water causes higher BP since it has to circulate more of it
  • less water causes lower BP since it has less to pump out and circulate
36
Q

What is cholesterol ?

A

waxy, fat type substance that travels through the blood stream

37
Q

What does cholesterol play a role in forming ?

A
  • estrogen, testosterone
  • cortisol
  • vita. D
  • bile acid
  • cell membrane
38
Q

What are lipoproteins ?

A

help transport fat around the body
- LDL is the major cholesterol carrier in the blood

39
Q

What cholesterol is known as the “good cholesterol” ?

A

HDL
- people with high cholesterol have low HDL

40
Q

What is hyperlipidemia ?

A

elevation of blood lipid levels
- Risk factors: lifestyle, genetic factors

41
Q

What would be the 1st step for hyperlipidemia ?

A

have pt make lifestyle changes
- diet, exercise, alcohol consumption
- first step before we start pt on any meds

42
Q

Why is HTN the “silent killer” ?

A

often no symptoms

43
Q

What is hypertension ?

A

when systolic BP is greater than 130 mmHg or diastolic BP is greater then 80 mmHg for extended periods of time
- one of the most modifiable risk factors

44
Q

What are some risk factors for primary HTN ?

A
  • age
  • alcohol
  • cigarette smoking
  • DM
  • elevated serum lipids
  • excess dietary sodium
  • family history
  • socioeconomic status
  • stress
45
Q

With older adults why are they at risk for HTN ?

A
  • loss of elasticity in the large arteries (atherosclerosis)
  • increase collagen and stiffness of the myocardium
  • increased peripheral vascular resistance
  • decreased renal function
46
Q

What does primary HTN mean ?

A

idiopathic HTN
- can’t say that they have HTN because of a definitive answer

47
Q

What does secondary HTN mean ?

A

can say that HTN is caused by a definitive answer
- tx is aimed at removing or treating the underlying cause

48
Q

What are some potential symptoms of HTN ?

A
  • headache
  • blurry vision
  • chest pain
  • nose bleeds
  • ringing in the ears
  • dizzy
49
Q

How does Sodium affect BP ?

A

sodium causes water in the body to last longer which causes an increase in BP

50
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension ?

A
  • decrease of 20mmHg or more in SBP or 10mmHg more in DBP
  • increase in pulse of 20 bpm or more from supine to standing
51
Q

What is Coronary Artery Disease ?

A

disease of the blood vessels where soft fatty deposits build up on the lining of the arteries and harden with age (atheroscletosis)

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (13 decks)

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