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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Neuro Part 1 > Flashcards

Neuro Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the cardiovascular system affect mobility ?

A

pumps oxygen through the blood to the muscles
- perfusion

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2
Q

What are some primary preventions for mobility issues ?

A
  • physical activity
  • healthy weight
  • proper nutrition
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3
Q

What are some secondary preventions for mobility issues ?

A
  • osteoporosis screening
  • fall risk assessments
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4
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord ?

A

column of nerves between the brain and peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

What is the function of the brain stem ?

A

connects the brain to the spinal cord

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6
Q

What is the function of the brain ?

A

divided into 3 major parts
- the hindbrain (lower part)
- midbrain
- forebrain

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7
Q

What is the function of the CNS ?

A

the body’s master control unit

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8
Q

What is the function of the peripheral NS ?

A

body’s link to the outside world

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9
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system ?

A

regulates involuntary bodily processes
- HR, RR, digestion, pupil contraction
- automatic without conscious direction

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10
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system ?

A

carries sensory info from sensory organs to the CNS and relays motor (movement) commands to muscles
- voluntary movements

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11
Q

What is the function of the Sympathetic NS ?

A

prepares the body for action and stress
- fight or flight

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12
Q

What is the function of the Parasympathetic NS ?

A

calms the body and helps the body to conserve energy
- rest and digest

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13
Q

What is the autonomic NS divided into ?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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14
Q

What are the actions of the sympathetic NS ?

A

found in T1-L2
- dilate pupils
- dilate bronchi
- stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine release
- inhibits peristalsis

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15
Q

What are the actions of the parasympathetic NS ?

A

found in brain stem & sacrum
- pupils constrict
- bronchi constrict
- HR decreases
- stimulates urination
- stimulate digestion
- promotes erection of genitals

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16
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the Sympathetic NS ?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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17
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter for the Parasympathetic NS ?

A

acetylcholine

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18
Q

What is the receptor for the parasympathetic NS ?

A
  • muscarinic cholinergic receptors
  • nicotinic cholinergic receptors
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19
Q

What is the receptors for the sympathetic NS ?

A

Alpha 1-2 and Beta 1-2 adrenergic receptors

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20
Q

Where are the adrenergic receptors found ?

A

blood vessels, heart, bronchiole walls, GI tract, bladder, ciliary muscles of the eye

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21
Q

What does the alpha 1 receptor do ?

A

vasoconstriction
- increased BP

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22
Q

What does the alpha 2 receptor do ?

A

inhibit release of Norepinephrine
- decrease BP

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23
Q

What does the beta 1 receptor do ?

A

increase cardiac contractility and HR

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24
Q

What does the beta 2 receptor do ?

A

bronchodilation, activations of glycogenolysis

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25
Q

Where are the nicotinic receptors found ?

A

in the muscle, somatic NS

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26
Q

Where are the muscarinic receptors found ?

A

in the CNS, salivary glands, heart, eye, lungs, GI

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27
Q

What do the M1 (+) receptors stimulate ?

A

brain, stomach (memory and increase acid)

28
Q

What does the M2 (-) receptors stimulate ?

A

heart (bradycardia)

29
Q

What does the M3 (+) receptors stimulate ?

A

glands, smooth muscle (saliva, broncho secretions, digestive enzymes, release insulin, miosis, bronchoconstriction, bladder)
- Miosis= pupil constriction

30
Q

What are cholinomimetics ?

A

substances that mimic acetylcholine (cholinergic) receptors

31
Q

What are some cholinergic reactions ?

A
  • salivation
  • lacrimation
  • urination
  • diaphoresis
  • GI distress
  • emesis
    SLUDGE
32
Q

What are some anti-cholinergic reactions ?

A

blocks cholinergic effects
- Hot as a Hare & Red as a Beet (can’t sweat and this is a cooling process)
- Dry as a Bone
- Blind as a Bat
- Mad as a Hatter

33
Q

What are the functions of Acetylcholine (ACh) ?

A
  • muscle contraction
  • plays important role in memory
  • dopamine inhibits this
34
Q

What are the functions of Dopamine ?

A
  • inhibits ACh
  • give for shock and heart failure
  • vasoconstriction
  • increased HR, and myocardial contractility
  • have to have dopamine to get to Epi and Norepinephrine to get to the ACh
35
Q

What is the function of Serotonin ?

A

linked to mood
- found primarily in the brain stem
- poorly understood

36
Q

What is the function of GABA ?

A
  • decreases action potential of neurons
  • prevents hyperexcitation caused by glutamate
  • inhibitory neurotransmitter to glutamate
  • Alcohol and Benzo’s increase GABA
37
Q

What is the function of Glutamate ?

A
  • increases action potential of neurons
  • excitatory neurotransmitter
  • Cocaine, nicotine increases glutamate
  • ketamine is a glutamate antagonist
38
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease ?

A

chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by initiation and execution of movement, increased muscle tone, tremor at rest, and gait disturbances
- idiopathic (don’t know why)

39
Q

What degenerates in Parkinson’s diseases ?

A

dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra in the midbrain
- decrease in dopamine but normal amount of ACh
- gets less of fight or flight reaction but the same rest and digest

40
Q

What are the classic signs of Parkinson’s ?

A

tremors (often 1st sign), rigidity (2nd sign), bradykinesia
- can have desire to move but can’t get NS to do it

41
Q

What is bradykinesia in Parkinson’s ?

A
  • loss of autonomic movements
  • stooped posture
  • masked face
  • drooling of saliva
  • shuffling gait
42
Q

What are some onset symptoms of Parkinson’s ?

A
  • symptoms of unilateral (arms won’t swing at the same time)
  • mild tremor
  • slight limp or decreased arm swing
43
Q

What are some later symptoms of Parkinson’s ?

A
  • shuffling
  • propulsive gait with arms flexed and loss of postural reflexes
  • face stays in the same expression
44
Q

What are some non-motor signs of Parkinson’s ?

A
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • apathy
  • fatigue
  • pain
  • constipation
  • short term memory impairment
  • sleep disturbances
45
Q

What is Dyskinesia ?

A

difficulty performing voluntary movements

46
Q

What is Akinesia ?

A

loss of normal motor function

47
Q

What do Antiparkinson’s drugs do ?

A
  • increase dopamine levels
  • stimulate dopamine sites
  • extend the action of dopamine in the brain
  • prevent the activation of cholinergic receptors
  • Needs to increase dopamine levels/last longer in brain or inhibit cholinergic receptors
48
Q

What is the goal of Parkinson’s medications ?

A

restore the balance between dopamine and Acetylcholine

49
Q

What is the main problem with Levodopa ?

A
  • only about 1% of the drug is converted into dopamine
  • needs VERY HIGH doses to achieve therapeutic effect (lots of side effects)
50
Q

Which receptors do anticholinergics block ?

A

muscarinic receptors

51
Q

What are muscle spasms ?

A

sudden, violent involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles
- localized muscle injury or an imbalance in electrolytes
- short term contractions that will eventually relax

52
Q

What are spasticity ?

A

certain muscles are continuously contracted
- causes stiffness or tightness of the muscles
- associated with spinal cord injury
- long term contractions that will never relax

53
Q

What is cerebral palsy ?

A

lack of oxygen to the brain causing permanent issues with muscle contraction that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain
- spasticity
- damage doesn’t get worse but it doesn’t get better

54
Q

What are Seizures ?

A

abnormal, sudden, excessive, uncontrolled electrical discharge of neurons within the brain
- imbalance of glutamine or imbalance of electrolytes

55
Q

What is Epilepsy ?

A

condition in which a person has spontaneously recurring seizures, a brain disorder
- seizures that happen across their lifespan
- episodes but have breaks in between seizures

56
Q

What is Status Epilepticus ?

A

state of continuous seizure activity
- seizures greater then 10 mins
- emergency situation that can cause death
- no stopping/breaks in between seizures

57
Q

Why are infants more at risk for seizures ?

A

within their first year
- preemie babies are more at risk for imbalances because they’re small which puts them at risk

58
Q

What can cause acute symptomatic epilepsy ?

A

had trauma or meningitis

59
Q

What can cause remote symptomatic epilepsy ?

A

prior brain injury such as encephalitis or stroke

60
Q

Why is Status Epilepticus so dangerous ?

A

if you can’t get brain to calm down then the brain keeps firing, and the heart will stop beating

61
Q

How does a Ketogenic Diet help control seizures ?

A

the high fat diet induces ketone production which gets you into metabolic acidosis
- ketone bodies enhance GABA system
- helps the brain calm down
- body isn’t made to be in acidosis for long so this has side effects
- can’t have a cheat day because not being consistent can ruin years of consistency

62
Q

What does a RN do when a patient is having a seizure ?

A
  • Position: lay them on in a left lying recovery position
  • Document: time, duration, and body part involved
  • if longer than 5 mins then you give the pt their recovery med
  • Stay: with client and assess for postictal signs following seizures
  • ## have suction available and ready
63
Q

How do antiepileptic drugs work ?

A
  • increase the threshold of activity
  • limit the spread of a seizure discharge from its origin
  • decrease the speed of nerve impulse conduction
  • decrease the rate that sodium flows into cell
  • inhibit calcium flow into cell
  • increase effect of GABA or increase amount of GABA
64
Q

What are Tonic-Clonic Seizures ?

A

whole body drops to the ground and starts shaking
- has lots of brain involvement

65
Q

What are Focal Seizures ?

A

stares into space and stops talking
- has little bit of brain involvement

66
Q

Which hemispheres of the brain does partial seizures use?

A

involves one hemisphere

67
Q

Which hemispheres of the brain does generalized seizures use ?

A

involves both hemispheres
- loss of consciousness

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (13 decks)

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