Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

0
Q

What is prehension?

A

taking hold of the food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
0
Q

What is prehension?

A

taking hold of the food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
0
Q

what are the 6 basic process of the digestive system?

A

ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

what are the 6 basic process of the digestive system?

A

ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is degulision?

A

swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is degulision?

A

swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is mastication?

A

chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two main secretions of the GIT?

A

digestive enzymes and mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is digestion

A

breaking down food into small molecules that can cross the cell membrane of the GIT mucosal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is digestion

A

breaking down food into small molecules that can cross the cell membrane of the GIT mucosal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the two processes of digestion?

A

mechanical and chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the two processes of digestion?

A

mechanical and chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is absorption?

A

small molecules crossing the cell membranes of the GIT mucosal cells and entering blood and/or lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is absorption?

A

small molecules crossing the cell membranes of the GIT mucosal cells and entering blood and/or lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract wall?

A

the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

inner to outer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract wall?

A

the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

inner to outer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what tissue makes up the mucosa?

A

epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what tissue makes up the mucosa?

A

epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the mucosa in the stomach organized into?

A

gastric pits or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the gastric pits lined with?

A

chief cells
G cells
mucous cells
parietal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the gastric pits lined with?

A

chief cells
G cells
mucous cells
parietal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the mucosa of the small intestine organized into and what do they do?

A

crypts and villi increase surface area for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the mucosa of the small intestine organized into and what do they do?

A

crypts and villi increase surface area for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the cells of the mucosa in the small intestine and what do they do?

A

absorptive cells - microvilli greatly increase surface area for absorption
goblet cells produce mucous
enteroendocrine cells produce hormones that help the mobility of the GIT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What tissue is the submucosa?

A

loose connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What tissue is the submucosa?

A

loose connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the submucosa do?

A

binds mucosa to muscularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the submucosa do?

A

binds mucosa to muscularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the submucosa contain

A

blood supply and ANS supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What types of muscle is in the muscularis?

A

skeletal muscle - mouth pharynx, esophagus, anal sphincters - voluntary control ie. swallowing, defecation
smooth muscle - remainder of the GIT - motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What types of muscle is in the muscularis?

A

skeletal muscle - mouth pharynx, esophagus, anal sphincters - voluntary control ie. swallowing, defecation
smooth muscle - remainder of the GIT - motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the serosa made of?

A

serous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the serosa made of?

A

serous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

moving ring of contraction followed by relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

moving ring of contraction followed by relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is segmental contractions

A

constrictive contractions of small segments of the gut wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what type of contractions involve mixing?

A

peristalsis and segmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what type of contractions involve mixing?

A

peristalsis and segmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what type of contractions is propulsive movement?

A

peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what type of contractions is propulsive movement?

A

peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 6 specific movements of the GIT

A 
mastication
deglutition
vomiting
eructation
regurgitation
defecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is does vomiting involve?

A

coordinated muscular activity of the abdomen, thorax, larynx, and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is does vomiting involve?

A

coordinated muscular activity of the abdomen, thorax, larynx, and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is eructation?

A

belching, removal of excess gas from the rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is regurgitation?

A

reflux of food before reaching the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is regurgitation?

A

reflux of food before reaching the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does defecation involve?

A

contraction of rectum , diaphragm, and ab muscles, relaxation of external anal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is megaesophagus?

A

a disease causingg loss of muscle tone in the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms of control of the GIT?

A

ANS
mechanical
hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms of control of the GIT?

A

ANS
mechanical
hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what nerve supplies the GIT with the ANS?

A

the vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

which part of the ANS dominates?

A

both are fairly equal, but parasympathetic will dominate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

which part of the ANS dominates?

A

both are fairly equal, but parasympathetic will dominate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does mechanical control do?

A

when the GIT stretches, the smooth muscle of the muscularis contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does mechanical control do?

A

when the GIT stretches, the smooth muscle of the muscularis contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do hormones in the GIT do?

A

effect secretion and motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the four main hormones?

A

gastrin
secretin
GIH
cholecystokinin (CCK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does secretin do?

A

inhibits gastric emptying and stimulates secretions of pancreatic juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does secretin do?

A

inhibits gastric emptying and stimulates secretions of pancreatic juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does GIH do?

A

slows gastric motility and emptying, inhibits gastric juice secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does GIH do?

A

slows gastric motility and emptying, inhibits gastric juice secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What dos CCK do?

A

increases contractility of gall bladder and bile production , stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does gastrin do?

A

increases gastric motility and gastric juice secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does gastrin do?

A

increases gastric motility and gastric juice secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is in the thoracic cavity?

A

thoracic organs
pericardium
pericardial cavity
pleura and pleural cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the thoracic cavity contained by?

A

diaphragm ad cranial thoracic opening (thoracic inlet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the thoracic inlet formed by?

A

the first pair of ribs, vertebrae, and sternebrae where the connect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

the diaphragm and the pelvic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the openings of the abdominal cavity and what do they contain?

A

aortic hiatus - passage of the abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the openings of the abdominal cavity and what do they contain?

A

aortic hiatus - passage of the abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the pelvic inlet?

A

communication between abdominal and pelvic cavities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

lips to pharynx and cheek to cheek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the labial vestibule?

A

the space between the incisors and the lips.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the buccal vestibule?

A

the space between cheek teeth and cheeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the frenulum?

A

the fold connecting floor of oral cavity to the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the frenulum?

A

the fold connecting floor of oral cavity to the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are sublingual caruncles

A

elevations on the floor of the oral cavity under the tongue, caudal to the incisors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are sublingual caruncles

A

elevations on the floor of the oral cavity under the tongue, caudal to the incisors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what salivary glands open on the caruncles?

A

mandibular and sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what salivary glands open on the caruncles?

A

mandibular and sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are interdental spaces?

A

the spaces between the teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are interdental spaces?

A

the spaces between the teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is the philitrum

A

the cleft of the upper lip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is the philitrum

A

the cleft of the upper lip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is the angle of the mouth?

A

where the two lips meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is the palate?

A

roof of the oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are palatine ridges?

A

six to ten paired elevations crossing the hard palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are palatine ridges?

A

six to ten paired elevations crossing the hard palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is the function of the soft palate?

A

divides the rostral region of the pharynx into oral and nasal parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is the function of the soft palate?

A

divides the rostral region of the pharynx into oral and nasal parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is the tongue used for?

A

taste and sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

where are incisors?

A

most rostral teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

where are incisors?

A

most rostral teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

where are the canine teeth

A

large tooth between incisors and cheek teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

where are the canine teeth

A

large tooth between incisors and cheek teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

where are the premolars

A

rostral cheek teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

where are the molars

A

caudal cheek teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

where are the molars

A

caudal cheek teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what are deciduous teeth?

A

baby teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what are permanent teeth?

A

adult teeth

come in as jaw lengthens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what are permanent teeth?

A

adult teeth

come in as jaw lengthens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

how many teeth does a pig have?

A

the pig has a full mouth, 44 teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

how many teeth does a pig have?

A

the pig has a full mouth, 44 teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

how many teeth does the dog have?

A

missing upper M3, 42 teeth

*this varies with breeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

how many teeth does the dog have?

A

missing upper M3, 42 teeth

*this varies with breeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

how many teeth does the horse have?

A

usually missing upper and lower P1 (wolf teeth)
canines may not erupt.
varies from 36-42 teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

how many teeth does the horse have?

A

usually missing upper and lower P1 (wolf teeth)
canines may not erupt.
varies from 36-42 teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

how many teeth do ruminants have?

A

missing upper incisors and P1, 32 teethg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

how many teeth do ruminants have?

A

missing upper incisors and P1, 32 teethg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

where is the sublingual gland located?

A

under the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

where is the sublingual gland located?

A

under the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

where is the paratoid salivary gland?

A

below ear cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

where is the paratoid salivary gland?

A

below ear cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

where is the mandibular salivary gland?

A

caudal to the angel of the jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

where is the mandibular salivary gland?

A

caudal to the angel of the jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what is saliva used for?

A

lubrication, moistening, breakdown of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what is saliva used for?

A

lubrication, moistening, breakdown of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what enzyme does saliva contain

A

amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what enzyme does saliva contain

A

amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what is the pharynx divided into?

A

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what is the pharynx divided into?

A

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what is the nasopharynx

A

part of the respiratory channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what is the nasopharynx

A

part of the respiratory channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what is the oropharynx

A

part of the digestive channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what is the laryngopharynx

A

both respiratory and digestive functions
food crosses here to esophagus
air crosses here to larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what is the soft palate?

A

divides oro and nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what is the soft palate?

A

divides oro and nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what is the pharyngeal opening?

A

opening from oral cavity to oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what is the pharyngeal opening?

A

opening from oral cavity to oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what are the caudal nares (choanae)

A

opening between caudal nasal cavity and nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what are the pharyngeal openings of the auditory tubes?

A

slits in the lateral walls of nasopharynx leading to the auditory tubes, to middle ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what are the pharyngeal openings of the auditory tubes?

A

slits in the lateral walls of nasopharynx leading to the auditory tubes, to middle ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what is the laryngeal opening?

A

opening into the larynx surrounded by rostral laryngeal cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what is the esophageal opening?

A

opening at the caudal end of the laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what is the esophagus

A

a muscular tube to transportation of ingesta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what is the esophagus

A

a muscular tube to transportation of ingesta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what does the stomach do?

A

Add enzymes and mix ingesta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what does the stomach do?

A

Add enzymes and mix ingesta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what is the greater curvature?

A

long convex surface

where the superficial leaf of the great omentum attaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what is the greater curvature?

A

long convex surface

where the superficial leaf of the great omentum attaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what is the lesser curvature?

A

the short concave surface

caudal edge of lesser omentum attaches here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

what is parietal surface?

A

the side of the stomach in contact with the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what is the visceral surface?

A

side of the stomach in contact with the remaining abdominal viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what is the cardia?

A

the part around the cranial opening of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what is the cardia?

A

the part around the cranial opening of the stomach

90
Q

what is the fundus?

A

expanded portion on stomachs left side

91
Q

what is the fundus often filled with

A

gas

92
Q

what is the body of the stomach?

A

the largest part of the stomach

92
Q

what is the body of the stomach?

A

the largest part of the stomach

93
Q

what is the pylorus

A

the caudal opening of the stomach

93
Q

what is the pylorus

A

the caudal opening of the stomach

94
Q

where is gastrin produced?

A

the pylorusg

94
Q

where is gastrin produced?

A

the pylorusg

95
Q

what is gastric dialation?

A

occurs in large, deep chested dogs

95
Q

what is gastric dialation?

A

occurs in large, deep chested dogs

96
Q

what is gastritis?

A

inflammation of the stomach

97
Q

what species are gastric ulcers found in?

A

foals, dogs, cats, pigs,

abomasum in cattle

97
Q

what species are gastric ulcers found in?

A

foals, dogs, cats, pigs,

abomasum in cattle

98
Q

what is pyloric stenosis

A

constriction of the pyloric canal in carnivores

99
Q

what is gastric dilation in horses?

A

grain overload, violent colic and gastric reflux.

100
Q

how are stomach worms controlled in the horse?

A

ivermectin

100
Q

how are stomach worms controlled in the horse?

A

ivermectin

101
Q

what does gastric juice contain?

A

mucous
gastric lipase
pepsinogen
HCl

101
Q

what does gastric juice contain?

A

mucous
gastric lipase
pepsinogen
HCl

102
Q

why is pepsinogen important?

A

it combines with hydrochloric acid to produce pepsin

103
Q

what does pepsin do

A

digest proteins

103
Q

what does pepsin do

A

digest proteins

104
Q

what does gastric lipase do?

A

digest lipids

104
Q

what does gastric lipase do?

A

digest lipids

105
Q

what does mucous do?

A

protects gastric mucosal cells for HCl

106
Q

what do parietal cells do?

A

produce hydrochloric acid

106
Q

what do parietal cells do?

A

produce hydrochloric acid

107
Q

what do prostaglandins E and I do?

A

protect the stomach against acidity of HCl
enhance blood flow to stomach
stabilize lysosomes
regulate the activity of macrophages and mast cells

107
Q

what do prostaglandins E and I do?

A

protect the stomach against acidity of HCl
enhance blood flow to stomach
stabilize lysosomes
regulate the activity of macrophages and mast cells

108
Q

what do prostaglandins do?

A

cause swelling, redness, etc.

109
Q

What are NSAIDS

A

non steroidal anti inflammatory drug

109
Q

What are NSAIDS

A

non steroidal anti inflammatory drug

110
Q

what do NSAIDs do?

A

they stop prostaglandin production

111
Q

why is a side effect of using NSAIDs gastric ulceration?

A

they stop the production of prostaglandins, which help protect the stomach from HCl

112
Q

what can we do to stop the effects of NSAIDs

A

use drugs that bind to histamine receptors to stop HCl production, or drugs that form a protective layer over mucosa, or drugs that are a synthetic PG analog

112
Q

what can we do to stop the effects of NSAIDs

A

use drugs that bind to histamine receptors to stop HCl production, or drugs that form a protective layer over mucosa, or drugs that are a synthetic PG analog

113
Q

.

A

What things can the stomach absorb?

114
Q

what does the small intestine do?

A

digestion and absorbtion

115
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

115
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

116
Q

what is torsion of the small intestine?

A

turning or twisting, cutting off blood supply

117
Q

what is intusseption

A

a segment of the intestine inverts into the lumen of the adjacent section

117
Q

what is intusseption

A

a segment of the intestine inverts into the lumen of the adjacent section

118
Q

what is intestinal resection and anastomosis

A

cutting out of a damaged section of the intestine and reconnecting either side

119
Q

what is volvulus

A

torsion of the intestine

119
Q

what is volvulus

A

torsion of the intestine

120
Q

what is enteropathy

A

any disease of the intestine

120
Q

what is enteropathy

A

any disease of the intestine

121
Q

what is enteronomy

A

incision into the intestine

121
Q

what is enteronomy

A

incision into the intestine

122
Q

what has to be chemically absorbed to be absorbed in the small intestine

A

.

122
Q

what has to be chemically absorbed to be absorbed in the small intestine

A

.

123
Q

how much absorption occurs in the small intestine?

A

90%

124
Q

what are the folds in the intestinal wall and what do the do?

A

villi and microvilli

increase surface area for absorbtion

125
Q

what do crypts do?

A

produce cells to replace old cells in the villi

125
Q

what do crypts do?

A

produce cells to replace old cells in the villi

126
Q

what do goblet cells do in the small intestine?

A

produce mucous

127
Q

how are lipids absorbed?

A

lipids are turned into fatty acids and glycerol, diffused into the mucosal cells and reassembled

127
Q

how are lipids absorbed?

A

lipids are turned into fatty acids and glycerol, diffused into the mucosal cells and reassembled

128
Q

how are lipids filteredfrom the blood

A

through the liver and adipose tissue

129
Q

what is the cecum

A

the part at the beginning of the large intestine

129
Q

what is the cecum

A

the part at the beginning of the large intestine

130
Q

what is the cecocolic orfice

A

opening from cecum to colon

130
Q

what is the cecocolic orfice

A

opening from cecum to colon

131
Q

what are the parts of the large intestine

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

132
Q

what are the main functions of the large intestine?

A

reabsorbing/secreting water, holding fecal matter

some absorption of nutrients

132
Q

what are the main functions of the large intestine?

A

reabsorbing/secreting water, holding fecal matter

some absorption of nutrients

133
Q

what is the main secretion of the large intestine?

A

mucous

133
Q

what is the main secretion of the large intestine?

A

mucous

134
Q

what is the function of serosa

A

secretes a lubricating fluid allowing movement of organs without friction

135
Q

were is the parietal serosa found?

A

lining the cavity wall

135
Q

were is the parietal serosa found?

A

lining the cavity wall

136
Q

where is visceral serosa found?

A

lining organs

136
Q

where is visceral serosa found?

A

lining organs

137
Q

where is connecting peritoneum found?

A

two layers uniting parietal and visceral serosa

137
Q

where is connecting peritoneum found?

A

two layers uniting parietal and visceral serosa

138
Q

where are ligaments found?

A

in the connecting peritoneum

138
Q

where are ligaments found?

A

in the connecting peritoneum

139
Q

what is the falciform ligament

A

a fold of connecting peritoneum from the liver to the umbilicus

140
Q

what is a fold (regarding peritoneum)

A

connecting peritoneum between two visceral organs

140
Q

what is a fold (regarding peritoneum)

A

connecting peritoneum between two visceral organs

141
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity?

A

the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

142
Q

what does the peritoneal cavity contain?

A

lubricating fluid

142
Q

what does the peritoneal cavity contain?

A

lubricating fluid

143
Q

what is the retroperitoneal?

A

the term used for no peritoneum between peritoneum and cavity wall

143
Q

what is the retroperitoneal?

A

the term used for no peritoneum between peritoneum and cavity wall

144
Q

what is the mesenteries?

A

a type of connecting peritoneum between the digestive and reproductive tracts and the abdominal wall

144
Q

what is the mesenteries?

A

a type of connecting peritoneum between the digestive and reproductive tracts and the abdominal wall

145
Q

what does the mesenteries contain?

A

blood vessels lymphatics and nerves

146
Q

what is the omentum?

A

a double layered connecting peritoneum between the stomach and the organs or wall

147
Q

where is the lesser omentum found?

A

connecting the lesser curvature of the stomach and diaphragm to the liver

148
Q

where is the greater omentum found?

A

connects the greater curvature of the stomach to abdominal wall
contains a deep and superficial leaf

149
Q

where is the superficail leaf?

A

extending caudally from the stomach to the pelvic inlet

149
Q

where is the superficail leaf?

A

extending caudally from the stomach to the pelvic inlet

150
Q

where is the deep leaf?

A

extending from the pelvic inlet to the abdominal wall

contains the left lobe of the pancreas

150
Q

where is the deep leaf?

A

extending from the pelvic inlet to the abdominal wall

contains the left lobe of the pancreas

151
Q

what is the gastrophrenic ligament

A

connects stomach to diaphragm

152
Q

what is the gastrosplenic ligament

A

connects the stomach to the spleen

152
Q

what is the gastrosplenic ligament

A

connects the stomach to the spleen

153
Q

what is the gastrohepatic ligament?

A

the ligament connecting the stomach to the liver

153
Q

what is the gastrohepatic ligament?

A

the ligament connecting the stomach to the liver

154
Q

what is the hepatoduodenal ligament

A

the ligament connecting the liver to the duodenum

154
Q

what is the hepatoduodenal ligament

A

the ligament connecting the liver to the duodenum

155
Q

how many blood supplies does the liver have?

A

2

155
Q

how many blood supplies does the liver have?

A

2

156
Q

what kind of blood does the portal vein carry?

A

nutrient rich blood

156
Q

what kind of blood does the portal vein carry?

A

nutrient rich blood

157
Q

where does the portal vein go in the liver?

A

the porta

157
Q

where does the portal vein go in the liver?

A

the porta

158
Q

what are hepatic cells?

A

liver cells arranged radially around a central vein

158
Q

what are hepatic cells?

A

liver cells arranged radially around a central vein

160
Q

what are central veins?

A

recieve blood from liver sinusoids and carries it to the hepatic veins

161
Q

what are the hepatic veins?

A

located inside the liver and empty into the caudal vena cava

162
Q

what is bile?

A

the liquid secretion of the liver cells into the duct systems of the liver.

167
Q

what is the bile duct?

A

the duct formed by the hepatic and cystic ducts

168
Q

is the liver divided into?

A

lobules

169
Q

what are lobules composed of?

A

hepatocytes

170
Q

what do hepatocytes do?

A

produce all products of the liver

171
Q

what are the products of the liver?

A

bile, glucose, lipoproteins, cholesterol, plasma proteins, clotting factors

172
Q

what lines the hepatic sinusoids?

A

phagocytes

176
Q

what are the 8 functions of the liver?

A 
carb metabolism
lipid metabolism 
protein metabolism 
detoxification/excretion
biliruben metabolism 
storage
phagocytosis
activation of vitamin d
177
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

store and concentrate bile

178
Q

how many lobes does the pancreas have?

A

2, right and left.

179
Q

what do the islet cells of the pancreas do?

A

secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood

182
Q

what is the accessory pancreatic duct?

A

the tube opening on the duodenum on the minor duodenal papilla

185
Q

what is the cause of acute pancreatitis?

A

the activation of pancreatic enzymes within the pancreas

188
Q

what is juvenile pancreatic insufficiency?

A

idopathic atrophy of pancreatic tissue

191
Q

what is a pregastric fermentor?

A

has microbial fermenting before digestion by alimentary enzymes
ruminants

192
Q

what is a post gastric fermentor and what are they also known as?

A

has microbial fermenting after the stomach
cecal fermentors
horse guinea pig rabbit

195
Q

where is the cardiac opening in the rumen?

A

the esophageal entrance into the rumen

196
Q

what does the reticulum look like on the inside?

A

honey combs

197
Q

what does the omasum look like on the inside?

A

pages

198
Q

what are the ‘pages’ in the omasum called?

A

omasal laminae

199
Q

what does the ruminoreticular fold do?

A

separates the rumen from the reticulum

201
Q

what is the pylorus?

A

the part of the abomasum opening up into the duodenum

202
Q

what does the gastric groove do?

A

it closes off the rumen and send milk in suckling calves straight to the abomasum

204
Q

what is ostertagia

A

the number 1 parasite in cattle

round worms

255
Q

what are liver sinoids?

A

spaces where blood received from the hepatic arteries and portal vein interact with hepatic cells then exit through central veins

256
Q

what are central veins?

A

recieve blood from liver sinusoids and carries it to the hepatic veins

257
Q

what are the hepatic veins?

A

located inside the liver and empty into the caudal vena cava

258
Q

what is bile?

A

the liquid secretion of the liver cells into the duct systems of the liver.

259
Q

what is the gallbladder?

A

the sac that stores and concentrates bile

260
Q

what does bile do?

A

aid in digestion and lubrication of food

261
Q

what is the cystic duct?

A

connects the gallbladder to the hepatic duct

262
Q

what is the hepatic duct

A

duct from the liver connecting to tghe cystic duct

263
Q

what is the bile duct?

A

the duct formed by the hepatic and cystic ducts

264
Q

is the liver divided into?

A

lobules

265
Q

what are lobules composed of?

A

hepatocytes

266
Q

what do hepatocytes do?

A

produce all products of the liver

267
Q

what are the products of the liver?

A

bile, glucose, lipoproteins, cholesterol, plasma proteins, clotting factors

268
Q

what lines the hepatic sinusoids?

A

phagocytes

269
Q

what does the liver filter

A

materials from the GI tract

270
Q

what is bile made from?

A

bile acids, cholesterol, and biliruben

271
Q

what makes up the hepatic triad?

A

the bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein

272
Q

what are the 8 functions of the liver?

A 
carb metabolism
lipid metabolism 
protein metabolism 
detoxification/excretion
biliruben metabolism 
storage
phagocytosis
activation of vitamin d
273
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

store and concentrate bile

274
Q

how many lobes does the pancreas have?

A

2, right and left.

275
Q

what do the islet cells of the pancreas do?

A

secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood

276
Q

what do pancreatic enzymes do?

A

help digest carbs, fats, and proteins

277
Q

what is the pancreatic duct?

A

tube opening with the bile duct on major duodenal papilla

278
Q

what is the pancreatic duct?

A

tube opening with the bile duct on major duodenal papilla

279
Q

what is the accessory pancreatic duct?

A

the tube opening on the duodenum on the minor duodenal papilla

280
Q

what are the two main components of pancreatic secretions

A

alkaline buffer

281
Q

what is the major enzyme of the pancreas?

A

trypsinogen

282
Q

what is the cause of acute pancreatitis?

A

the activation of pancreatic enzymes within the pancreas

283
Q

what are clinical signs of acute pancreatitis?

A

fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, anorexia

284
Q

what is the cause of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

reduction in the production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes

285
Q

what is juvenile pancreatic insufficiency?

A

idopathic atrophy of pancreatic tissue

286
Q

what is secondary pancreatic insufficiency

A

after acute of chronic pancreatitis

287
Q

what are clinical signs of pancreatic insufficiency

A

diarrhea, greasy, pale feces, weight loss, ravenous appetite.

288
Q

what is a pregastric fermentor?

A

has microbial fermenting before digestion by alimentary enzymes
ruminants

289
Q

what is a post gastric fermentor and what are they also known as?

A

has microbial fermenting after the stomach
cecal fermentors
horse guinea pig rabbit

290
Q

what is the proper order in which ingesta goes in the ruminant stomach?

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

291
Q

what does the interior of the rumen look like?

A

rug like appearance

292
Q

where is the cardiac opening in the rumen?

A

the esophageal entrance into the rumen

293
Q

what does the reticulum look like on the inside?

A

honey combs

294
Q

what does the omasum look like on the inside?

A

pages

295
Q

what are the ‘pages’ in the omasum called?

A

omasal laminae

296
Q

what does the ruminoreticular fold do?

A

separates the rumen from the reticulum

297
Q

what is the abomasum compared to in carnivores?

A

the simple stomach

298
Q

what is the pylorus?

A

the part of the abomasum opening up into the duodenum

299
Q

what does the gastric groove do?

A

it closes off the rumen and send milk in suckling calves straight to the abomasum

300
Q

what is the gastric groove made of?

A

the reticular groove, the omasal groove, and the abomasal groove

301
Q

what is ostertagia

A

the number 1 parasite in cattle

round worms

302
Q

why are ostertagia a problem?

A

they over winter in the gastric glands of the abomasum

303
Q

what does the lesser omentum in ruminants attach to?

A

the liver and the omasum

abomasum and cranial duodenum

304
Q

what does the lesser omentum in ruminants attach to?

A

the liver and the omasum

abomasum and cranial duodenum

305
Q

what is the greater omentum in ruminants made up of?

A

superficial leaf and deep leaf

306
Q

what is the greater omentum in ruminants made up of?

A

superficial leaf and deep leaf

307
Q

what does the superficial leaf attach?

A

the abomasum and descending duodenum and the left longitudinal groove of the rumen

308
Q

what does the superficial leaf attach?

A

the abomasum and descending duodenum and the left longitudinal groove of the rumen

309
Q

what does the deep leaf attach?

A

the right longitudinal groove of the rumen to the descending duodenum

310
Q

what is the omental bursa?

A

the space between the superficial and deep leaves.

311
Q

what is the omental foramen

A

opening between the omental bursa and the general peritoneal cavity

312
Q

what is the omental foramen

A

opening between the omental bursa and the general peritoneal cavity

313
Q

what joins at the caudal edge of the greater omentum?

A

the superficial and deep leaves

314
Q

what joins at the caudal edge of the greater omentum?

A

the superficial and deep leaves

315
Q

what is the supraomental recess?

A

the space above the deep leaf

316
Q

what is the supraomental recess?

A

the space above the deep leaf

317
Q

what is the microbial population of the rumen?

A

anaerobic bacteria, protozoa, fungi

318
Q

what are characteristics of the rumen?

A 
never completely full
excess gas is removed
rumen contents are stratified
performs rumination
mixes ingesta
temperature is kept constant  
pH is kept constant
anaerobic environment is maintained
319
Q

what to neonatal ruminants need to do for rumen development?

A

be around mature ruminants

eat dry food to stimulate rumen development

320
Q

what does saliva do in the rumen?

A

acts as a buffer to control pH

321
Q

what does the rumen do?

A

mix ingesta

mechanical maceration of ingesta

322
Q

what nerve controls the rumen?

A

the vagus nerve

323
Q

what are the two parts of contractions?

A

the primary contraction and the secondary contraction

324
Q

how do primary contractions work?

A

ingested food enters cranial sac of the rumen, forced into doral sac
ingesta is turned, squeezed and kneaded, and fall into the ventral sac
ventral sacs contract and enters cranial sac
cranial sac contracts, liquid goes into the reticulum
ingesta goes from reticulum to omasum
ingesta is regurgitated

325
Q

how does the secondary contration work?

A

the esophageal sphincter relaxes combined with abdominal press, force gas to the esophagus

326
Q

what does the digestion of carbs result in?

A

volatile fatty acids

327
Q

where are most of the VFAs absorbed?

A

the rumen

328
Q

where are the VFAs carried to? what are they converted to?

A

carried to liver converted to glucose

329
Q

what are lipids converted to?

A

free fatty acids

330
Q

what type of stomach does the horse have?

A

a simple stomach

331
Q

what is tghe site for microbial fermentation in the horse?

A

the cecum

332
Q

what is the major substrate for microbial activity in the cecum?

A

cellulose

333
Q

what is absorbed in the large intestine

A

VFAs

From Flashcardlet (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions