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medical terminolgy > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

digestive system

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

the digestive has 4 main functions:

A

-ingestion
-digestion
-absorption
-elimination

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2
Q

ingestion

A

food material taken into mouth

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3
Q

digestion

A

food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels the gastrointestinal tract

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4
Q

absorption

A

digested food passes into the bloodstream through lining cells of small intestines

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5
Q

elimination

A

the body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream

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6
Q

major parts of the oral cavity are:

A

-cheeks, lips, hard & soft palate, rugae, uvula
-tongue, papillae, tonsils, gums, teeth & pharynx

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7
Q

anatomical terms of a tooth:

A

-crown, root, enamel, dentin, pulp
-gingiva, cementum, root canal & periodontal membrane

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8
Q

deglutition (swallowing) system

A

-nasal cavity, pharynx, bolus of food, epiglottis
-larynx, esophagus, trachea

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9
Q

lower parts of the stomach:

A

-lower esophageal sphincter(LES)
-fundus
-greater & lesser curvature
-rugae
-body
-antrum
-pylorus
-pyloric sphincter

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10
Q

anatomical terms for digestive tract

A

-esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder
-pancreas, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix
-ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid colon
-rectum & anus

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11
Q

parts of the large intestines

A

-cecum, appendix, rectum & anus
-ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid colon

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12
Q

parts of the small intestines

A

-jejunum, ileum, duodenum

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13
Q

parts of the biliary system

A

-liver, gallbladder, pancreas, duodenum
-common bile duct, pancreatic duct, cystic duct

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14
Q

amino acids

A

small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested

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15
Q

amylase

A

enzyme secreted by pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch

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16
Q

anus

A

terminal end/opening of digestive tract to outside the body

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17
Q

appendix

A

blind pouch hanging from cecum

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18
Q

bile

A

-digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
-breaks up large fat globules, composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts

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19
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment release by liver in bile (brown)

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20
Q

bowel

A

intestines

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21
Q

canine teeth(cuspids/eyeteeth)

A

pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors

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22
Q

cecum

A

first part of large intestine

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23
Q

colon

A

consists of ascending, transverse, descending, & sigmoid segments

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24
Q

common bile duct

A

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum (choledochus)

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25
Q

defecation

A

elimination of waste from the digestive tract through the anus

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26
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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27
Q

dentin

A

-primary material found in teeth
-covered in enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root

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28
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine(12 inches long)

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29
Q

emulsification

A

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules

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30
Q

enamel

A

hard, outermost layer of tooth

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31
Q

enzyme

A

chemical that speeds up the reactions substances

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32
Q

esophagus

A

tube connecting throat to stomach

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33
Q

fatty acids

A

-substances provided when fats are digested
-category of lipids

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34
Q

feces/stool

A

solid waste

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35
Q

gallbladder

A

small sac under the liver that stores bile

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36
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar

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37
Q

glycogen

A

-starch
-glucose stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

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38
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

substance produced in the stomach, necessary for digestion of food

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39
Q

ileum

A

third part of small intestine

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40
Q

incisor

A

one of four front teeth in the dental arch

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41
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by endocrine cells in pancreas, transport sugars from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

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42
Q

jejunum

A

second part of small intestine

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43
Q

lipase

A

pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fat

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44
Q

liver

A

-large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen
-secretes bile, stores sugars, iron & vitamins
-produces blood proteins, destroys worn-out RBCs, filters out toxins, weighs 2 1/2 to 3 pounds

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45
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

ring of muscles between esophagus and stomach

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46
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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47
Q

molar teeth

A

sixth, seventh, & eighth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch

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48
Q

palate

A

roof of mouth

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49
Q

pancreas

A

-organ behind the stomach
-produces insulin and enzymes

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50
Q

papillae (singular: papilla)

A

small, projections on the tongue

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51
Q

parotid gland

A

salivary gland within the cheek

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52
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contraction of the tubular organs

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53
Q

pharynx

A

-throat
-common passageway for food from the mouth & for air from the nose

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54
Q

portal vein

A

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

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55
Q

protease

A

enzyme that digests protein

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56
Q

pulp

A

soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

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57
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

-ring of muscle at the end of the stomach near the duodenum
-opens when peristalsis passes over it

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58
Q

pylorus

A

distal region of the stomach and opening to the duodenum

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59
Q

rectum

A

-last section of the large intestine
-connects the end of colon to the anus

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60
Q

rugae

A

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

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61
Q

saliva

A

-digestive juice produced by salivary glands
-contains the enzyme amylase

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62
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands

A

parotid, sublinguial and submandibular glands

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63
Q

sigmoid colon

A

-fourth and last colon
-S-shaped segment of the colon just before the rectum
-empties into the rectum

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64
Q

sphincter

A

a circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

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65
Q

stomach

A

muscular organ that receives food from esophagus

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66
Q

triglycerides

A

-fat molecules are composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol
-subgroup of lipids

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67
Q

uvula

A

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

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68
Q

villi (singular: villus)

A

microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

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69
Q

an/o

A

anus

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70
Q

append/o & appendic/o

A

appendix

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71
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

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72
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

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73
Q

celi/o

A

belly, abdomen

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74
Q

cheil/o

A

lip

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75
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

76
Q

choledoch/o

A

common bile duct

77
Q

col/o & colon/o

A

colon

78
Q

dent/i

A

tooth

79
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum

80
Q

enter/o

A

intestines, usually small intestine

81
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

82
Q

faci/o

A

face

83
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

84
Q

gloss/o

A

tongue

85
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

86
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

86
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum

87
Q

labi/o

A

lips

88
Q

mandibul/o

A

mandible

88
Q

lapar/o

A

abdomen

88
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

89
Q

odont/o

A

tooth

90
Q

or/o

A

mouth

91
Q

palat/o

A

palate

92
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

93
Q

peritone/o

A

peritoneum

94
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx

95
Q

proct/o

A

anus & rectum

96
Q

pylor/o

A

pyloric sphincter

97
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

98
Q

sialaden/o

A

salivary gland

99
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

100
Q

stomat/o

A

mouth

101
Q

uvul/o

A

uvula

102
Q

amyl/o

A

starch

103
Q

bil/i

A

gall & bile

104
Q

bilirubin/o

A

bilirubin (bile pigment)

105
Q

chol/e

A

gall & bile

106
Q

chlorhydro/o

A

hydrochloric acid

107
Q

gluc/o & glyc/o

A

sugar

108
Q

glycogen/o

A

glycogen, animal starch

109
Q

lip/o

A

fat

110
Q

lith/o

A

stone

111
Q

prote/o

A

protein

112
Q

py/o

A

pus

113
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary gland

114
Q

steat/o

A

fat

115
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

116
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition

117
Q

-prandial

A

meal

118
Q

anastomoses

A

-three types: end to end, end to side & side to side
-example of an enteroenterostomy: a surgical creation of a new opening between those parts of the body

119
Q

anorexia

A

lack of appetite

120
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

121
Q

borborygmi (singular: borborygmus)

A

rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract

122
Q

constipation

A

difficulty in passing stools

123
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent passage of loose, watery stools

124
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

125
Q

eructation

A

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (burp)

126
Q

flatus

A

gas through anus (fart)

127
Q

hematochezia

A

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

128
Q

jaundice (icterus)

A

yellow- orange coloration of the skin and white of eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood

129
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stools due to feces containing digested blood

130
Q

nausea

A

unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit

131
Q

steatorrhea

A

fat in the feces, frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter

132
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth, with small painful ulcers

133
Q

dental caries

A

tooth decay

134
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth by infection with herpes virus

135
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

white plagues or patches

136
Q

periodontal disease

A

inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone

137
Q

achalasia

A

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

138
Q

esophageal cancer

A

malignant tumor of the esophagus

139
Q

gastric carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of the stomach

140
Q

esophageal varices

A

swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

141
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

solids and fluids return to mouth from stomach (heartburn)

142
Q

peptic ulcer

A

open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum

143
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of an organ or part of the muscle normally containing it

144
Q

anal fistula

A

abnormal tubelike passageway near anus

145
Q

colonic polyposis

A

polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of colon

146
Q

colorectal cancer

A

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both

147
Q

crohn disease

A

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

148
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall

149
Q

dysentry

A

painful, inflamed intestines

150
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

151
Q

ileus

A

failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

152
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

inflammation of the colon and small intestines

153
Q

intussusception

A

telescoping of the intestines

154
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension

155
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

156
Q

volvulus

A

twisting of the intestines on itself

157
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic degenerative disease of liver

158
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

A

liver cancer

159
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

malignant tumor of the pancreas

160
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of pancreas

161
Q

viral hepatitis

A

inflammation of liver caused by a virus

162
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones in gallbladder

163
Q

salivary gland near the ear

A

parotid

164
Q

removal of the salivary gland

A

sialadenecectomy

165
Q

pertaining to the throat

A

pharyngeal

166
Q

hernia of rectum

A

rectocele

167
Q

enlargement of liver

A

hepatomegaly

168
Q

surgical repair of the roof of mouth

A

palatoplasty

169
Q

after meals

A

postprandial

170
Q

visual examination of the anal and rectal region

A

proctoscopy

171
Q

study of the cause of disease

A

etiology

172
Q

incision of the common bile duct

A

choledochotomy

173
Q

new opening between the common bile duct and jejunum

A

choledochojejunostomy

174
Q

treats order of the anus and rectum

A

proctologist

175
Q

performs root canal therapy

A

endodontist

176
Q

operates on the intestinal tract

A

colorectal surgeon

177
Q

pertaining to administration of medicines and fluid other than by mouth

A

parenteral

178
Q

fan-like membrane that connects the small intestine to the abdominal wall

A

mesentery

179
Q

new surgical connection between structures or organs

A

anastomosis

180
Q

protrusion of the upper stomach through the diaphragm

A

hiatal hernia

181
Q

chronic inflammation of the colon with destruction of it’s inner surface

A

ulcerative colitis

182
Q

calculi in the gallbladder

A

cholecystolithiasis

183
Q

achlorhydria

A

absence of acid in the stomach

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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