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chapter 11 Flashcards

cardiovascular system

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cardiovascular system

A

delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells of body tissues

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2
Q

anatomical structures of the heart

A

-superior & inferior vena cavas
-right & left atriums
-tricuspid, aortic, mitral & pulmoary valves
-right & left ventricles
-pulmonary arteries
-pilmonary veins
-aorta

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3
Q

aortic valve

A

between the left atrium and aorta

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4
Q

what are the two phases of the heartbeat?

A

diastole & systole

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5
Q

the diastole-systole cardiac cycle

A

-occurs between 70 to 80 times per min (100,000 times per day)
-the heart pumps 3 ounces of blood with each contraction, about 5 quarts are pumped per min (75 gallons an hour & 2000 gallons a day)

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6
Q

heart sounds

A

closure of valves associated with sounds “lubb-dubb, lubb-dubb”

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7
Q

lubb (heart sound)

A

closure of the tricuspid valve & mitral valve at the beginning of systole

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8
Q

dubb (heart sound)

A

closure of the aortic & pulmonary valves at the end of systole

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9
Q

P wave (electrocardiogram)

A

spread of excitation wave over the atria just before a contraction

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10
Q

QRS wave (electrocardiogram)

A

spread of excitation over the ventricles as they contract

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11
Q

T wave (electrocardiogram)

A

electrical recovery and relaxation of relaxation

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12
Q

blood pressure

A

-the force that blood exerts on arterial walls
-expressed as a fraction: systolic pressure/diastolic pressure

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13
Q

aorta

A

the main vessel through which oxygen-rich blood travels from the heart to the rest of the body while delivering nutrients and hormones, largest artery on the body

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14
Q

apex of the heart

A

lower tip of the heart body

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15
Q

arteriole

A

a small artery

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16
Q

artery

A

largest type of blood vessels, carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body

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17
Q

atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

A

specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them

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18
Q

atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

specialized tissue in the wall between atria, electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker through AV node and bundle of His toward the ventricles

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19
Q

atrium (plural: atria)

A

one of two upper chambers of the heart

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20
Q

capillary

A

smallest blood vessel, form the point of exchange for oxygen & nutrients into the body cells and waste products coming from the body cells

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21
Q

carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

waste gas released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart then lungs for exhalation

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22
Q

coronary arteries

A

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

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23
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

oxygen-poor blood

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24
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase of the heartbeat

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25
Q

electrocardiogram

A

record of the electricity flowing through the heart

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26
Q

endocardium

A

inner lining of the heart

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27
Q

endothelium

A

inner most lining of blood vessels

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28
Q

mitral valve(bicuspid valve)

A

valve between the left atrium and left ventricle, has 2 leaflets or cusps

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29
Q

murmur

A

abnormal swishing/improper sound caused by improper closure of heart valves

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30
Q

myocardium

A

muscular middle layer of the heart

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31
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

heart rhythm originating on sinoatrial node with resting rate of 60-100bpm

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32
Q

oxygen

A

gas carried by the blood from the lungs to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells

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33
Q

pacemaker (sinoatrial node)

A

specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat

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34
Q

pericardium

A

double-layer membrane surrounding the heart

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35
Q

pulmonary artery

A

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

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36
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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37
Q

pulmonary valve

A

valve positioned between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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38
Q

pulmonary vein

A

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

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39
Q

pulse

A

the beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries

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40
Q

septum (plural:septa)

A

a partition/wall dividing between the right & left atria and right & left ventricles

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41
Q

sionartial node (SA node)

A

the pacemaker of the heart

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42
Q

sphymnomonoteter

A

an instrument used to measure blood pressure

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43
Q

systemic circulation

A

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and back

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44
Q

systole

A

the contraction phase of the heartbeat

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45
Q

tricuspid valve

A

located between the right atrium and right ventricle, has 3 leaflets or cusps

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46
Q

valve

A

a structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so blood only flows in one direction

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47
Q

vein

A

a thin-walled vessel that carries blood from the body tissues and lungs back to the heart, contains valves to prevent the backflow of blood

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48
Q

vena cava(plural: venae cavae)

A

largest vein in the body, superior & inferior venae cavae return the blood to the right atrium of the heart

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49
Q

ventricle

A

one of two lower chamber of the heart

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50
Q

venule

A

small vein

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51
Q

angio/o

A

vessel

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52
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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53
Q

arter/o & arteri/o

A

artery

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54
Q

ather/o

A

yellowish plaque

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55
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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56
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

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57
Q

cardi/o & coron/o

A

heart

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58
Q

cholesterol/o

A

cholesterol

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59
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

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60
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

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61
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

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62
Q

pericardi/o

A

pericardium

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63
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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64
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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65
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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66
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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67
Q

valvul/o & valv/o

A

valve

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68
Q

vas/o & vascul/o

A

vessel

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69
Q

ven/o & ven/i

A

vein

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70
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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71
Q

coronary bypass graft (CABG graft) procedure

A
  1. a section of a vein is removed from the leg and anastomosed to a coronary artery to bypass an area of arteriosclerotic blockage
  2. an internal mammary artery is grafted to a coronary artery by bypass blockage
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72
Q

AAA

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

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73
Q

ACE inhibitor

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

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74
Q

ACLS

A

advance cardiac life support

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75
Q

ACS

A

acute coronary syndrome

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76
Q

ADP

A

adenosine syndrome

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77
Q

AED

A

automatic external defibrillator

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78
Q

AICD

A

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibillator

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79
Q

AMI

A

acute myocardial infarcation

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80
Q

ARVD

A

arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

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81
Q

ARB

A

angiotensin II receptor blocker

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82
Q

AS

A

aortic stenosis

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83
Q

ASD

A

atrial septal defect

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84
Q

AV, A-V

A

atrioventricular

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85
Q

AVR

A

aortic valve replacement

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86
Q

BBB

A

bundle branch block

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87
Q

BNP

A

brain natriuretic peptide

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88
Q

BP

A

blood pressure

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89
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass grafting

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90
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

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91
Q

CCU

A

coronary care unit

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92
Q

Cath

A

catheriztion

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93
Q

CHF

A

congestive heart failure

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94
Q

CoA

A

coarctation of the aorta

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95
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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96
Q

CRT

A

cardiac resynchronization therapy

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97
Q

CTNI or cTnI/CTNT or cTnT

A

cardiac troponin-1 & cardiac troponin-T

98
Q

DES

A

drug-eluting stent

99
Q

DSA

A

digital subtraction angiography

100
Q

DUT

A

deep vein thrombosis

101
Q

ECMO

A

extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

102
Q

ECG/EKG

A

electrocardiography

103
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiography

104
Q

EF

A

ejection fraction

105
Q

EPS

A

electrophysiology study

106
Q

ETT

A

exercise tolerance test

107
Q

ETT-MIBI

A

exercise tolerance test combined with a radioactive tracer (sestamibi) scan

108
Q

EVAR

A

endovascular aneurysm repair

109
Q

FFR

A

fractional flow reserve

110
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipoprotein

111
Q

hsCRP

A

high sensitivity C-reactive protein

112
Q

HTN

A

hypertension (high blood tension)

113
Q

IABP

A

intra-aortic balloon pump

114
Q

ICD

A

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

115
Q

IVUS

A

intravascular ultrasound

116
Q

LAD

A

left anterior descending (coronary artery)

117
Q

LDL

A

low-density lipoprotein

118
Q

LMWH

A

low-molecular-weight heparin

119
Q

LV

A

left ventricle

120
Q

LVAD

A

left ventricular assist device

121
Q

LVH

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

122
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

123
Q

MUGA

A

multiple-gated acquisition scan

124
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

125
Q

NSR

A

normal sinus rhythm

126
Q

NSTEMI

A

non-ST elevation myocardial infarction

127
Q

NT-proBNP

A

N-terminal pro-peptide

128
Q

PAC

A

premature atrial contaction

129
Q

PCI

A

percutaneous coronary intervention

130
Q

PDA

A

patent ductus arteriosus, posterior descending artery

131
Q

PE

A

pulmonary embolus

132
Q

PVC

A

premature ventricular contraction

133
Q

SA, S-A node

A

sinoatrial node

134
Q

SCD

A

sudden cardiac death

135
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

136
Q

SPECT

A

single photon emission computed tomography

137
Q

STEMI

A

ST-elevation myocardial infarction

138
Q

SVT

A

superventricular tachycardia

139
Q

TAVR

A

transcatheter aortic valve replacement

140
Q

TEE

A

transesophageal echocardiography

141
Q

TEVAR

A

thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair

142
Q

TGA

A

transposition of the great arteries

143
Q

tPA

A

tissue-type plasminogen activator

144
Q

UA

A

unstable angina

145
Q

VF

A

ventricular fibrillation

146
Q

VSD

A

ventricular septal defect

147
Q

VT

A

ventricular tachycardia

148
Q

WPW

A

wolff-parkinson-white syndrome

149
Q

aneurysm/o

A

anerusysm

150
Q

axill/o

A

armpit

151
Q

isch/o

A

to hold back

152
Q

my/o

A

muscle

153
Q

pulmon/o

A

long

154
Q

rrhythm/o

A

rhythm

155
Q

-constriction

A

narrowing

156
Q

-dilation

A

widening, stretching, expanding

157
Q

-meter

A

measue

158
Q

-osis

A

condition (abnormal)

159
Q

-sclerosis

A

hardeneing

160
Q

-stenosis

A

tightening structure

161
Q

de-

A

lack of, down, less, removal of

162
Q

inter-

A

between

163
Q

peri-

A

surrounding

164
Q

tetra-

A

4

165
Q

tri-

A

3

166
Q

pathway of blood through the heart

A

right atrium->tricuspid valve
->right ventricle->pulmonary valve->pulmonary artery->capillaries of lung
->pulmonary veins->left atrium->mitral valve->left ventricle->aortic valve ->aorta

167
Q

interatrial septum

A

the wall of the heart between the right and left atria

168
Q

visceral pericardium(outer lining is parietal pericardium)

A

the inner lining of the pericardium, closely enveloping the heart

169
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease condition of the heart muscle

170
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the skin owing to deficient oxygen in the blood

171
Q

arterial anastomosis

A

new connection between arteries

172
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

circulatory failure due to poor heart function

173
Q

atheroma

A

mass of yellowish plaque (fatty substance)

174
Q

arrhythmia

A

abnormal heart rhythm

175
Q

stethocope

A

instrument to listen to sounds within the chest

176
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries with a yellowish, fatty substance (plaque)

177
Q

flutter

A

rapid but regular atria; or ventricular contraction

178
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

improper closure of the valve between the left atrium and ventricle during systole

179
Q

atrial septal defect

A

a small hole between the upper heart chambers, congenital anomaly

180
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

blockage of the arteries surrounding the heart leading to ischemia

181
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid, random, ineffectual & irregular contraction of the heart

182
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood

183
Q

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

A

congenital narrowing of the artery leading from the heart

184
Q

teratology of Fallot

A

congenital malformation involving 4 separate heart defects:
1. pulmonary artery stenosis
2. ventricular septal defect
3. shift of the aorta to the right
4. hypertrophy of the right ventricle

185
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PAD)

A

duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth

186
Q

heart block

A

failure of proper conduction of impulses through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle

187
Q

cardiac arrest

A

sudden unexpected stoppage of heart action

188
Q

palpitations

A

uncomfortable sensation in the chest associated with arrhythmias

189
Q

artificial cardiac pacemaker

A

battery-operated device that’s placed in the chest and wired to send electrical current to the heart to establish a normal sinus rhythm

190
Q

angina

A

chest pain resulting from insufficient oxygen being supplied to the heart muscle (ischemia)

191
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

area of necrosis(tissue death in heart muscle), heart attack

192
Q

infarcation

A

damage or death of tissue due to deprivation of oxygen

193
Q

nitroglycerin

A

nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina

194
Q

digoxin

A

drug that treats arrhythmias & strengthens the heartbeat

195
Q

bruit

A

abnormal sound (murmur) heard on auscultation

196
Q

thrill

A

vibration felt on palpation of the chest

197
Q

acute coronary syndromes (ACS)

A

consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries, MI & unstable angina

198
Q

pericardial friction rub

A

scraping or grafting noise on auscultation of heart, indicated pericarditis

199
Q

biventricular pacemaker

A

device enabling ventricles to beat in synchrony, cardiac resynchronization therapy

200
Q

vegetations

A

lesions that form on heart va;ves after damage by infection

201
Q

emboli

A

clots that travel to & suddenly block a blood vessels

202
Q

petechiae

A

small, pinpoint hemorrhages

203
Q

ausculation

A

listening with a stethoscope

204
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

205
Q

Raynaud disease

A

episodes of pallor, numbness, and cyanosis in fingers & toes caused by a temporary constriction of arterioles

206
Q

aneurysm

A

local widening of an artery

207
Q

claudication

A

pain, tension & weakness in a limb after walking has began

208
Q

peripheral arteria disease

A

blockage of arteries in the lower extremities, etiology is atherosclerosis

209
Q

types of drugs used to treat acute coronary syndromes

A

-beta-blockers
-ACE inhibitors
-statins
-asprin
-calcium channel blockers

210
Q

varicose veins

A

when damaged valves in veins fail to prevent the backflow of blood, swollen/twisted vein

211
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted veins in the rectal region

212
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

a gap in the wall between the ventricles

213
Q

defibrillation

A

application of brief electrical discharges across the chest to stop ventricular fibrillation & pulseless ventricular tachycardia

214
Q

lipid tests (profile)

A

measurement of levels of fatty substances (cholesterol & triglycerides) in the bloodstream

215
Q

stress test

A

measurement of the hearts response to physical exertion (patient monitored while jogging on a treadmill)

216
Q

cardiac biomarkers

A

measurement of troponin-T & troponin-I after myocardial infarction

217
Q

angiography (arteriography)

A

injection of contrast into vessels & x-ray imaging

218
Q

thallium 201 scan

A

intravenous injection of a radioactive substance & measurement of it’s accumulation in heart muscle

219
Q

lipoprotein electrophoresis

A

separation of HDL & LDL from a blood sample

220
Q

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

video equipment & a computer produce x-ray pictures of blood vessels by taking 2 pictures(with and without contrast) and subtracting the 1st image(without contrast) from the second

221
Q

Doppler ultrasound

A

an instrument that focuses sound waves on a blood vessel to measure blood flow

222
Q

holter monitoring

A

compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrthythmias

223
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

treatment with drugs to dissolve clots after a heart attack

224
Q

extracorporeal circulation

A

heart-lung machine is used to divert blood from the heart & lungs during surgery, machine oxygenates the blood & sends it back to bloodstream

225
Q

cardiac catherization

A

a catheter is inserted into an artery or vein and threaded into the chamber hearts where contrast can be injected to rake a x-ray pictures, patterns of blood flow can be detected & blood pressure can be measured

226
Q

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCT)

A

a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery stents are put in place

227
Q

drug-eluting stent

A

stents are expandable slotted tubes that are placed in the arteries during PCT that release polymers that prevent plaque from refroming

228
Q

electron beam computed tomography

A

electron beams & CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose CAD

229
Q

CT angiography

A

x-ray images of the heart & coronary arteries obtained using CT technology

230
Q

cTnI or cTnT test

A

cardiac serum enzyme test for myocardial infarcation

231
Q

LVAD procedure

A

booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a cannula leading to the heart as a “bridge to transplant”

232
Q

TEE procedure

A

ultrasound imaging of the heart using transducer within the esophagus

233
Q

ICD procedure

A

device implanted in the chest that senses & corrects arrhythmias by shocking the heart

234
Q
A
235
Q

radio frequency catheter ablation (RFA)

A

catheter delivery of a high-frequency current to damage a small portion of the heart muscle & reverse an abnormal heart rhythm

236
Q

ETT procedure

A

procedure to determine the heart’s response to physical exertion

237
Q

ETT-MIBI procedure

A

radioactive test of heart function with stress test

238
Q

CRT procedure

A

biventricular pacing to correct serious abnormal ventricular rhythms

239
Q

LDL procedure

A

lipoprotein sample is measured

240
Q

BNP test

A

brain chemical measure to identify patients at risk for complications after MI & with CHF

241
Q

aneurysmorrhahpy

A

suture (repair) of a ballooned-out portion of an artery

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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