15.2/17.3

Question 1

What are Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 1

Set of standards that must be met to demonstrate that X pathogen causes X disease

Question 2

What is step 1 of Koch’s Postulates

Answer 2

The suspected pathogen must be found in every case of disease and not be found in healthy individuals

Question 3

What is step 2 of Koch’s postulates?

Answer 3

The suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture

Question 4

What is step 3 of Koch’s postulates?

Answer 4

A healthy test subject infected with the suspected pathogen must develop the same signs and symptoms of disease as seen in postulate 1

Question 5

What is step 4 of Koch’s postulates?

Answer 5

The pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host and must be identical to the pathogen from postulate 2

Question 6

What are Koch’s wrong assumptions?

Answer 6

1. Pathogens are found only in diseased individuals
2. All subjects are equally susceptible to infection
3. All pathogens can be grown in culture

Question 7

What does molecular Koch’s Postulates identify instead of pathogen?

Answer 7

gene

Question 8

What is the first step of Molecular Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 8

The phenotype should be associated only with pathogenic strains of a species

Question 9

What is the second step of Molecular Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 9

Inactivation of the suspected gene(s) associated with pathogenicity should result in a measurable loss of pathogenicity

Question 10

What is the third step of Molecular Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 10

Reversion of the inactive gene should restore the disease phenotype

Question 11

What are the few limitations of Molecular Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 11

1. Genetic manipulation of some organisms isn’t possible with current techniques
2. Some diseases do not have suitable animal models

Question 12

Ability of a pathogen to cause disease?

Answer 12

Pathogenicity

Question 13

Degree of pathogenicity?

Answer 13

Virulence

Question 14

What is ID50? Related to Morbidity or Mortality?

Answer 14

Median Infectious dose - no. of pathogens required to infect 50% of those inoculated; Morbidity

Question 15

What is LD50? Related to Morbidity or Mortality?

Answer 15

Median lethal dose - no. of pathogens required to kill 50% of those infected; Mortality

Question 16

What pathogen can cause disease in a host regardless of the host’s resident microbiota or immune system?

Answer 16

Primary Pathogen

Question 17

What pathogen can only cause disease in situations that compromise the host’s defenses?

Answer 17

Opportunistic pathogen

Question 18

What are the 5 stages of Pathogenicity?

Answer 18

1. Exposure to host
2. Adhesion
3. Invasion
4. Infection
5. Transmission

Question 19

What are TORCH infections?

Answer 19

Pathogens that can cross placental barrier

Question 20

What is adhesion in the stages of pathogenicity?

Answer 20

The capability of colonization

Question 21

What are molecules/structures that bind to certain host receptors called?

Answer 21

Adhesins

Question 22

What is a production of community glycocalyx called?

Answer 22

Biofilm

Question 23

What is it called when colonization is established in the stages of pathogenicity?

Answer 23

Invasion

Question 24

T/F Virulence plays role in degree of invasion

Answer 24

T

Question 25

How does intracellular pathogens invade?

Answer 25

Via endocytosis and evasion of host immune defenses

Question 26

Which invasion mechanism have effector proteins secreted to trigger entry?

Answer 26

Membrane ruffling

Question 27

Which invasion mechanism has surface proteins that allow for binding to the host cell?

Answer 27

Trojan horse approach

Question 28

Multiplication leads to what stage of pathogenicity?

Answer 28

Infection

Question 29

What type of infection is at a small area of body?

Answer 29

Local infection

Question 30

What type of infection has a pathogen/toxin spread to a secondary location?

Answer 30

Focal infection

Question 31

What type of infection occurs throughout the body?

Answer 31

Systemic

Question 32

T/F Can Primary infections lead to secondary infection of different pathogen

Answer 32

T

Question 33

Transmission to a new host through a portal of exit ensures what?

Answer 33

Persistence

Question 34

What is the differentiation of blood cells from bone marrow stem cells called?

Answer 34

hematopoiesis

Question 35

What are the 3 types of Granulocytes?

Answer 35

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Question 36

What is the agranulocyte exception?

Answer 36

Natural Killer cells

Question 37

Which granulocyte has 3-5 connected lobes and small, purple granules?

Answer 37

Neutrophils

Question 38

Which granulocyte has 2-3 lobes and large, red/orange granules?

Answer 38

Eosinophils

Question 39

Which granulocyte has 2 lobes and large, purple granules?

Answer 39

Basophils

Question 40

What granulocyte is involved with the destruction of extracellular bacteria and produces defensins and hydrolytic enzymes?

Answer 40

Neutrophils

Question 41

What are meshes of chromatin with AMPs to trap pathogens called?

Answer 41

NETs - Neutrophil extracellular traps

Question 42

What granulocyte is good at protecting against protozoa and helminths and has granules that contain histamine, degradative enzymes, and major basic protein?

Answer 42

Eosinophils

Question 43

What induces degranulation of basophils?

Answer 43

Activated complement cascade

Question 44

What granulocyte is important in allergic reactions and inflammatory responses and has granules containing histamine and cytokines?

Answer 44

Basophils

Question 45

What function does Mast cells have?

Answer 45

Similar to Basophil function

Question 46

Where are Mast cells found?

Answer 46

Associated with blood vessels and nerves, or found close to surface structures

Question 47

What are 2 main types of agranulocytes?

Answer 47

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

Question 48

Natural killer cells and B cells/T cells fall under what type of agranulocyte?

Answer 48

Lymphocytes

Question 49

Macrophages, dendrites, and mononuclear phagocyte systems fall under what type of agranulocyte?

Answer 49

Monocyte

Question 50

Natural killer cells are considered to have adaptive or innate immunity?

Answer 50

Innate Immunity

Question 51

B cells and T cells are considered to have adaptive or innate immunity?

Answer 51

Adaptive Immunity

Question 52

What do Natural Killer Cells do?

Answer 52

Seek out non-self markers and express cytokines and cytotoxic molecules stored in granules to kill non-self cell

Question 53

What do Natural Killer Cells specifically secrete to induce apoptosis in target cells?

Answer 53

Perforin and granzymes

Question 54

Macrophages are specialized in ________

Answer 54

tissues

Question 55

Dendritic cells are specialized in _________

Answer 55

skin and mucous membranes

Question 56

Monocytes (dendritic and macrophages) are important promoters of __________ immunity

Answer 56

adaptive