Bone Marrow Failure (haematology) Flashcards
What are the causes of bone marrow failure? (4)
•Infiltration by abnormal tissues
-Myelofibrosis
•Ineffective haematopoiesis
-Megaloblastic anaemia
-Myelodysplasia
•Replacement of the marrow with malignant cells
-Primary and secondary
•Primary reduction in haematopoietic cells
-Aplastic anaemia
What is aplastic anaemia? (3)
-Pancytopenia resulting from aplasia of the bone marrow.
-Reduction in the number of haematopoietic pluropotential stem cells.
-Fault in the remaining cells/ immune response against them.
What are the ….. causes of aplastic anaemia?
1. Primary (4)
2. Secondary (4)
- Congenital, idiopathic aplastic anaemia, dyskeratosis congenita, fanconi anaemia.
- Chemicals , drugs, viruses, Ionising radiation.
What are the functions of the ff and what disorder is causes by the deficiency in them?
1. RBCs
2. Neutrophils
3. Platelets
- Carry oxygen, anaemia
- Fight infections, infections
- Coagulation, bleeding tendency
Laboratory findings in aplastic anaemia? (5)
-Hypocellular bone marrow.
-No abnormal cells in the peripheral blood.
-Anaemia
-Leukopenia
-Thrombocytopenia
What are the treatment methods for aplastic anaemia? (7)
•General
-Supportive care
-Prevention of infection
-Prophylaxis
•Specific
-SCT
-ACG
-Alemtuzumab
-Ciclosporin
What are the cytopenias seen with specific bone marrow failure? (3)
Pure red cell aplasia
Thrombocytopenia
Granulocytopenia
What are the causes of pure red cell aplasia? (5)
Acute
-Parvovirus infection, idiopathic.
Chronic congenital
-Diamond-blackfan syndrome
Chronic acquired
-Associated with various conditions.
-Idiopathic
What are the two examples of granulocytopenia?
Congenital neutropaenia
Cyclical neutropaenia
What are the causes of thrombocytopenia?
Inherited
-TAR
-Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia.
Acquired
-Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia
When do you suspect bone marrow failure?
When there are clinical symptoms such as anaemia, bleeding tendencies and/or infections.
How do you make a diagnosis of bone marrow failure? (6)
•Full blood count with differential count.
-Low counts
•Reticulocyte count
-Low absolute count and %
•Bone marrow aspirate with biopsy
-To identify the underlying cause.