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microbio > ch 10 > Flashcards

ch 10 Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria is good for research bc

A
  1. fast growth
  2. small haploid genomes (mutations), excellent tools (plasmids), genetic info all coded the same way
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2
Q

mutation

A

any change in DNA (spontaneous and induced), leads to genetic variation

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3
Q

changes in DNA sequence are

A

spontaneous, mutagen, transposons, horizontal gene transfer

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4
Q

auxotroph

A

cannot produce all building blocks needed for life

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5
Q

prototroph

A

can make all building blocks for life

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6
Q

how to find mutations

A

direct selection, enrichment methods, screening methods (replica plating)

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7
Q

direct selection

A

picking something based on what it can do (antibiotic resistance)

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8
Q

enrichment method

A

the use of certain growth media to favor the growth of a particular microorganism over others

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9
Q

replica plating

A

the stamping one

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10
Q

mobile elements are caused by

A

transposase

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10
Q

mobile/ transposable elements, needs

A

move about the genome and inserts itself, disruptive, terminal inverted repeats

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11
Q

mobile elements can carry

A

extra genes

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12
Q

site directed mutagenesis

A

mutate a gene exactly how you want

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13
Q

site directed mutagenesis steps

A

start with PCR and modded primer, introduce to strain of interest, recombination

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14
Q

repair of mutation methods

A

photolyases, excision repair, recombinant repair, sos repair

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15
Q

horizontal gene transfer types

A

transformation, conjugation, transduction

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16
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

the passage of a plasmid from mother to daughter cells during division

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17
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

gene transfer in same generation

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18
Q

transformation

A

DNA (naked) from the environment that is recombine with DNA, natural or artificial, needs competent cells

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19
Q

transduction

A

DNA transacting particles transfer from bacteriophage,
generalized- any
specialized - specific

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20
Q

conjugation

A

DNA transfer with contact, bn donor (plasmid) and plasmid, pop mating types,

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21
Q

competent cells

A

alteration in the cell wall that make it permeable to large DNA molecules

22
Q

recA protein

A

transformation protein that helps with recombinant

23
Q

donor DNA from

A

dead cells, quorum sensing biofilms

24
Q

competent cell generation

A

chemical (calcium treatment and heat shock), eletroporation

25
Q

generalized transduction

A

all genes are equally likely to be transferred

26
Q

phage relipcation, lytic/ virulent

A

makes hella viral chromes, cell lysis, cell dies

27
Q

phage relipcation, temperate

A

inserted into host chromie (prophage), will jump out and lyse the cell when signaled to, death unnecessary

28
Q

lysogen at - site

A

ATT

29
Q

P22 bacteriophage

A

circular genome, can undergo rolling circle to replicate, infect salmonella, can get DNA recomb’d into genome

30
Q

-% of p22 progeny have host genome particles

A

2

31
Q

specialized transduction

A

transfer certain genes, due to excision errors in prophage (lysogenic to lytic) DNA,

32
Q

specialized transduction is found in - phages

A

temperate

33
Q

attB site

A

insertion of prophage

34
Q

specialized transduction gal x gal

A

when when prophage with gal gene insert itself into a host with the gal gene too, unstable

35
Q

specialized transduction gal x gal-

A

when when prophage with gal gene insert itself into a host without the gal gene too, gal is inherited and its it stable

36
Q

conjugation donor and recipient

A

can be diff species, bacteria and euk

37
Q

conjugative plasmid

A

carries genes for sex pili and transfer plasmid (f factor)

38
Q

dissimilation plasmid

A

encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds

39
Q

r factors

A

encode resistance encoding genes (to antibiotics, heavy metals, and toxins)

40
Q

Hfr f plasmid is located

A

in chromosome

41
Q

gram postive conjugation

A

no pili, via clumping and use secretion to transfer DNA

42
Q

e faecalis

A

gram pos conjugation

43
Q

crisper original use

A

prokaryotic response to bacteriophage, cuts up foreign DNA

44
Q

cas

A

cleaves foreign DNA

45
Q

CRISPERs

A

cleaved DNA within organized clusters “archive”

46
Q

palindromic are needed in crispr why

A

a group of enzymes recognize certain repeats, and break the DNA there to insert important information in the middle

47
Q

spacers

A

complementary sequence fo foreign DNA

48
Q

crispr other uses

A

downreg expression of genes, adaptive immunity, stress responses (repair), immunize bacteria, genetic engineering

49
Q

CRISPR is transcribed as

A

a long precursor RNA (pre- crRNA)

50
Q

CIRSPR can treat

A

sickle cell

51
Q

Genetic Differences between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes

A

-DNA exchange not prerequisite for
reproduction in prokaryotes.
- If DNA exchange occurs, only small
section of DNA exchange in prokaryotes.
- DNA exchange in prokaryotes lots - only one in Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes haploid bigger

52
Q

Phylogenetic analysis

A

Relatedness / Similarity of
organisms

53
Q

Phylogenetic analysis used for

A

Tracking sources of epidemics –disease epidemiology
– Changes in microbes over time

microbio (21 decks)

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