Week 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

Animism

A
  • The belief that everyone and everything had a “soul” and that mental illness was due to animistic causes,
  • ex) evil spirits controlling an individual and their behaviour.
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2
Q

Asylum

A

A place of refuge or safety established to confine and care for the mentally ill; forerunners of the mental hospital or psychiatric facility

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3
Q

Cathartic method

A

A therapeutic procedure introduced by Breuer and developed further by Freud in the late 19th century whereby a patient gains insight and emotional relief from recalling and reliving traumatic events

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4
Q

Cultural relativism

A

The idea that cultural norms and values of a society can only be understood on their own terms or in their own context

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5
Q

Etiology

A

The causal description of all of the factors that contribute to the development of a disorder or illness

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6
Q

Humorism (or humoralism)

A

A belief held by ancient Greek and Roman physicians that an excess or deficiency in any of the four bodily fluids, or humors—blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm—directly affected their health and temperament.

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7
Q

Hysteria

A
  • A term used by the ancient Greeks and Egyptians to describe a disorder believed to be caused by a woman’s uterus wandering throughout the body and interfering with other organs
  • today referred to as conversion disorder
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8
Q

Maladaptive

A

A term referring to behaviours that cause people physical or emotional harm, prevent them from functioning in daily life, and/or indicate that they have lost touch with reality and/or cannot control their thoughts and behavior (also called dysfunctional).

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9
Q

Mesmerism

A

an early version of hypnotism in which Mesmer claimed that hysterical symptoms could be treated through animal magnetism emanating from Mesmer’s body and permeating the universe (and later through magnets)

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10
Q

Psychogenesis

A

Developing from psychological origins.

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11
Q

Somatogenesis

A

Developing from physical/bodily origins

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12
Q

Supernatural

A

Developing from origins beyond the visible observable universe

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13
Q

Syndrome

A

Involving a particular group of signs and symptoms

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14
Q

“Traitement moral” (moral treatment)

A
  • A therapeutic regimen of improved nutrition, living conditions, and rewards for productive behaviour
  • attributed to Philippe Pinel during the French Revolution, when he released mentally ill patients from their restraints and treated them with compassion and dignity rather than with contempt and denigration.
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15
Q

Trephination

A
  • The drilling of a hole in the skull, presumably as a way of treating psychological disorders
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16
Q

Anxiety

A

A mood state characterized by negative affect, muscle tension, and physical arousal in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune

17
Q

Agoraphobia

A

A sort of anxiety disorder distinguished by feelings that a place is uncomfortable or may be unsafe because it is significantly open or crowded

18
Q

Biological vulnerability

A

A specific genetic and neurobiological factor that might predispose someone to develop anxiety disorders

19
Q

Conditioned response

A

A learned reaction following classical conditioning, or the process by which an event that automatically elicits a response is repeatedly paired with another neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus)

20
Q

External cues

A

Stimuli in the outside world that serve as triggers for anxiety or as reminders of past traumatic events

21
Q

Fight or flight response

A

A biological reaction to alarming stressors that prepares the body to resist or escape a threat

22
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

Excessive worry about everyday things that is at a level that is out of proportion to the specific causes of worry

23
Q

Internal bodily or somatic cues

A

Physical sensations that serve as triggers for anxiety or as reminders of past traumatic events

24
Q

Interoceptive avoidance

A

Avoidance of situations or activities that produce sensations of physical arousal similar to those occurring during a panic attack or intense fear response

25
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A
  • A disorder characterized by the desire to engage in certain behaviours excessively or compulsively in hopes of reducing anxiety
  • Behaviors include things such as cleaning, repeatedly opening and closing doors, hoarding, and obsessing over certain thoughts
26
Q

Panic disorder (PD)

A

A condition marked by regular strong panic attacks, and which may include significant levels of worry about future attacks

27
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

A sense of intense fear, triggered by memories of a past traumatic event, that another traumatic event might occur. PTSD may include feelings of isolation and emotional numbing

28
Q

Psychological vulnerabilities

A

Influences that our early experiences have on how we view the world

29
Q

Reinforced response

A

Following the process of operant conditioning, the strengthening of a response following either the delivery of a desired consequence (positive reinforcement) or escape from aversive consequences

30
Q

SAD performance only

A

Social anxiety disorder which is limited to certain situations that the sufferer perceives as requiring some type of performance

31
Q

Social anxiety disorder (SAD)

A

A condition marked by acute fear of social situations which lead to worry and diminished day to day functioning.

32
Q

Specific vulnerabilities

A

How our experiences lead us to focus and channel our anxiety

33
Q

Thought-action fusion

A

The tendency to overestimate the relationship between a thought and an action, such that one mistakenly believes a “bad” thought is the equivalent of a “bad” action