Chapter 5 pt.3

Question 1

To figure out if a chemical in the nervous system is a neurotransmitter, there are 4 criteria they must meet, what are they?

Answer 1

1) They have to be synthesized in the neuron or at least present in it

2) The transmitter must be released and produce a response in some target

3) The response must be obtained when the transmitter is experimentally placed on target

4) A mechanism must exist for removing the transmitter from its site of action after the work is done

Question 2

A suspect chemical that has not yet been shown to meet all four of the identifying criteria is called a _____________ transmitter

Answer 2

Putative transmitter

Question 3

Researchers trying to identify are CNS neurotransmitters can use a glass micro electrode to stimulate and record responses from single neurons, why a glass micro electrode?

Answer 3

because they are small enough to be placed on specific neuronal targets

Question 4

How exactly do glass micro electrodes work?

Answer 4

They are first filled with a chemical of interest, then a current is passed through the electrode, ejecting the chemical into the neuron to mimic a neurotransmitter releasing on a cell.

Question 5

Many _______ techniques can identify specific chemicals inside the cell.

Answer 5

Staining

Question 6

The use of ________ _________ __________ simplifies the investigation by allowing the researcher to view a single neuron through a microscope while stimulating it

Answer 6

Living tissue slices

Question 7

All motor neuron axons leaving the spinal chord use ______________ as a transmitter

Answer 7

acetylcholine

Question 8

An axon typically develops side branches called ________ ___________ so that one neuron can send information to several others

Answer 8

Axon collaterals

Question 9

What are “Interneurons”

Answer 9

neurons that connect to brain regions

Question 10

Each axon has an axon collateral within the spinal chord that synapses on a nearby CNS interneuron. What does this interneuron do?

Answer 10

It synapses on the motor neurons cell body,

Question 11

The term “Neurotransmitter” applies to chemicals that have the following three functions:

Answer 11

1) Carries a message from the presynaptic membrane of one. heron to the other by influencing the postsynaptic membranes voltage

2) Changes the structure of a synapse

3) communicates by sending messages in the opposite direction
(these retrograde messages influence the release/reuptake of transmitters on the presynaptic side)

Question 12

What are the 5 types of neurotransmitters

Answer 12

small molecule, peptide, lipid, gaseous, and ion transmitters

Question 13

The quick acting small-molecule transmitters such as __________ are typically synthesized from ________ _____________ and packaged so that they are ready to use in _______ terminals

Answer 13

Acetylcholine, dietary nutrients, axon

Question 14

When a small-molecule transmitter is released from a terminal button, it can quickly be replaced at the ______________ membrane

Answer 14

Presynaptic

Question 15

What is a breakdown product of the fats present in foods such as egg yolk, avocado, salmon, and olive oil

Answer 15

Choline

Question 16

What is a compound found in acidic foods such as vinegar and lemon juice

Answer 16

Acetate

Question 17

Acetylcholine is made from choline and acetate. _________ is an enzyme that carries acetate to the synthesis site, and a second enzyme _____________ transfers the acetate to choline to synthesize acetylcholine.

Answer 17

Acetyl Coenzyme A
Acetyltransferase

Question 18

Which enzyme breaks down Acetylcholine into Acetate and Choline

Answer 18

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 19

In Parkinsons disease, __________ is the excitatory transmitter within the amphibian heard, and __________ is the excitatory transmitter within the mammalian heard

Answer 19

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Question 20

In the biochemical sequence of amines, the first chemical is _______, an amino acid abundant in Food. The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase changes tyrosine into ________, which other enzymes convert first into ________, then into __________, and then finally into __________.

Answer 20

Tyrosine, L-Dopa, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

Question 21

What is a rate-limiting factor

Answer 21

when any chemical is in limited supply and it restricts the pace at which another chemical can be synthesized

Question 22

_________ is covered by the enzyme histidine decarboxylase into histamine

Answer 22

Histidine

Question 23

Histamine has many functions in the brain, name some of them.

Answer 23

Contributes to asthma, and control of arousal and waking