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psych 275 > Chapter 5 pt.5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 pt.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three peripheral nervous system divisions

A

Somatic, Autonomic, and enteric

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2
Q

Motor neurons in the brain and spinal chord send their axons to the bodies __________ _________

A

Skeletal Muscles

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3
Q

Why are Motor Neurons also called Cholinergic Neurons

A

Because acetylcholine is their main neurotransmitter

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4
Q

At skeletal muscle, cholinergic neutrons are __________, producing muscular contractions

A

Excitatory

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5
Q

What happens when EACh binds to Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChr)

A

Its pore opens to permit ion flow, depolarizing the muscle fibre

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6
Q

Why is the molecular structure of nicotine similar to EACh

A

because nicotine acts as a ,mimic, fitting into acetylcholine’s receptors binding sites

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7
Q

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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8
Q

What does the Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the Autonomic nervous system do for the body?

A

Sympathetic = rouses the body for action, producing flight or fight (contains norepinephrine)

Parasympathetic = calms the body down (contains acetylcholine)

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9
Q

How do pre ganglion cholinergic neurons play a role in the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

When these neurons are in the synapse with sympathetic post ganglion NE neurons, they prepare the bodies organs for flight or flight

And when these neurons are in the synapse with parasympathetic post ganglion ACh neurons, it prepares the body for rest and digest

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10
Q

During sympathetic arousal, _____________ turns up the heart rate and turns down the digestive functions because ___ receptors on the heart are excitatory. And _____________ does the opposite

A

Norepinephrine; NE

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11
Q

Why is the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) called the “second brain”

A

Because it can act without input from the CNS

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12
Q

Sensory ENS neurons detect both mechanical and chemical conditions in the ________________ system

A

Gastrointestinal System

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13
Q

Motor neurons in the ENS control the mixing of __________ contents.
_________ of digestive enzymes is also under ENS control

A

Intestinal; Secretion

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14
Q

What are the 4 neural activating systems

A

cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic.

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15
Q

What are some characteristics of the Cholinergic system, and what neurotransmitter is it associated with?

A
  • maintains attention and memory
  • death of cholinergic neurons are related to Alzheimers disease
  • associated with acetylcholine
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16
Q

The Dopaminergic system has two distinct pathways, what are they?

A

The Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System and the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic system

17
Q

What are some characteristics of the Dopaminergic system, and what neurotransmitter is it associated with?

A

Nigrostriatal:
- controls motor behaviour
- loss of DA causes muscle righty and Parkinson’s disease
Mesolimbic:
- increases of Da leads to schizophrenia and decreases leads to attention deficits.
-most affected by drugs and behavioural addictions

Associated with Dopamine

18
Q

What are some characteristics of the Noradrenergic system, and what neurotransmitter is it associated with?

A
  • maintains emotions
  • an increase of NE is related to mania
  • a decrease of NE is related to depression and ADHD

Associated with Norepinephrine

19
Q

What are some characteristics of the Serotonergic system, and what neurotransmitter is it associated with?

A
  • changes in serotonin activity is related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, tics, and schizophrenia, sleep apnea, and SIDS
  • decrease of serotonin is related to depression

Associated with Serotonin

20
Q

What are Neuromodulators?

A

Neurotransmitters that alter the firing and synaptic characteristics of other neurons

21
Q

How are hormones secreted?

A

by glands in the body and brain

22
Q

The hypothalamus produces _____________ that stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete releasing hormones into the ___________ system.

These pituitary hormones in turn influence the remaining endocrine glands to release appropriate hormones into the ____________

A

neurohormones; circulatory
bloodstream

23
Q

Almost every neuron in the brain contains receptors on which various hormones can act. Hormones affect ________________ function, especially in neurons that influence _________ development and _________

A

neurotransmitter; sexual; behaviour

24
Q

What are Peptide hormones?

A

hormones made by cellular DNA, that influence their target cells activity by binding to metabotropic receptors
- insulin, growth hormone, endorphins

25
Q

What are Amino Acid hormones?

A

Hormones derived from amino acids that are released by the pineal gland at night, and is associated with the sleep-wake cycle
- thyroxine, melatonin

26
Q

What are Lipid hormones

A

water hating and fat loving hormones that inhibit blood clots, regulate blood flow, and promote/counteract inflammation.

27
Q

What are Steroid hormones?

A

synthesized from cholesterol and are lipid soluble, they act on cellular DNA to I fluency gene transcription
- testosterone, cortisol

28
Q

What are Hoemostatic Hormones?

A

Maintain metabolic balance
- mineralcorticoids control concentration of water and blood cells and the levels of minerals
- ghrelin, leptin, insulin

29
Q

What are Gondal (sex) hormones?

A

control reproductive functions, mother-infant bonding, etc.
- oxytocin

30
Q

What are Glucocorticoids?

A

steroid hormones secreted in times of stress.

31
Q

what disorder is caused by a failure of the pancreatic cells to secrete any or enough insulin. As a result, blood sugars can rise (hyperglycemia) or fall (hypoglycemia)

A

Diabetes mellitus

32
Q

What are Anabolic Steroids

A

synthetic hormones related to testosterone and muscle building

33
Q

What plays an important role in ending the stress response

A

The hippocampus

psych 275 (22 decks)

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