2nd Notes Packet for Ch. 17

Question 1

What are classification lists intended to do ?

Answer 1

Reflect evolutionary history

Question 2

What is systematics

Answer 2

A branch of biology that relies on fossil record data, comparative anatomy/development, and molecular data to determine evolutionary history

Question 3

What is systematics also known as

Answer 3

Phylogeny

Question 4

How is evolutionary history often represented

Answer 4

Through a Phylogenetic tree or a Cladogram

Question 5

What is a Phylogenetic tree

Answer 5

A diagram indicating lines of descent from a common ancestor

Question 6

Each branching point on a phylogenetic tree is a ______ from a common _______

Answer 6

divergence; ancestor

Question 7

What do biologists use cladograms for?

Answer 7

Studying the relationships among certain groups of organisms

Question 8

What do cladograms show?

Answer 8

Two or more groups are related based on ancestral and derived characters

Question 9

What is a derived character

Answer 9

An uncommon trait or characteristic that separates two groups; not shared

Question 10

Make a list of all the possible derived characters that could be included on a cladogram

Answer 10

• Jaws
• Lungs
• Claws/ Nails
• Fur/ Mammary glands

Question 11

Differences between cladograms and evolutionary trees: What do evolutionary trees depict

Answer 11

How ancestors are related to descendants and they also tell us how much the organisms have changed

Question 12

Differences between cladograms and evolutionary trees: Phylogenetic trees are based on ______, rather than derived_____, and branch lengths depicts ______

Answer 12

ancestry; characters; time

Question 13

Differences between cladograms and evolutionary trees: Diagrams that are often referred to as phylogenetic trees depict _______ over time

Answer 13

phylogenies

Question 14

Differences between cladograms and evolutionary trees: The y-axis on the cladograms represents ______

Answer 14

Time

Question 15

Differences between cladograms and evolutionary trees: In a cladogram, the root of each fork leads to a common _______

Answer 15

Ancestor

Question 16

What is an out group?

Answer 16

A distantly related organism that serves as a base line for comparisons with all the other organisms in the cladogram

Question 17

What two characters are used to construct a tree?

Answer 17

Common characters and derived characters

Question 18

What is a common character

Answer 18

Characters present in all membrane members of the group and present in the common ancestor

Question 19

What is a derived character

Answer 19

Characters present in some members of a group, but absent in the common ancestor

Question 20

What are the six kingdoms of life?

Answer 20

1. Eubacteria
2. Archaebacteria
3. Protists
4. Fungi
5. Plants
6. Animals

Question 21

Describe some of Prokaryotes characteristics

Answer 21

• Unicellular
• No bounded membranes
• Some Photosynthetic
• Some Chemosynthetic
• 2 kingdoms: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
• Lives in harsh conditions

Question 22

Describe some of Protists characteristics

Answer 22

• Lacks an organ system
• Some are unicellular, others multicellular
• Some are plant like autotrophs
• Some are animal like heterotrophs

Question 23

What is the basis for placement into a kingdom? (what characteristics must me there to determine what category it will be put in)

Answer 23

• What type of cell is it (Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic)
• What’s its complexity (unicellular or multicellular)
• How does it eat/ Mode of Nutrition

Question 24

Taxonomy changes with______ and ______

Answer 24

time; research