Antivirals and Antiretrovirals Flashcards

1
Q

They are drugs for influenza and act as M2 ion channel blockers. They primarily inhibit uncoating

One of the drugs is also used for Parkinson’s disease since it increases dopamine. Its AE includes orthostatic dysregulation and QT prolongation

A

M2 inhibitors
Amantadine, Rimantadine

Amantadine

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2
Q

They are drugs for influenza and act as neuraminidase inhibitors. They primarily inhibit uncoating. They are used for influenza A and B, and are the prophylaxis of influenza in adults and pediatric patients 5 years and older

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors
Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir

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3
Q

They are drugs that will need viral enzymes for their initial phosphorylation, then use the host enzymes for succeeding phosphorylation. They inhibit viral DNA polymerase, which leads to the inhibition of viral DNA synthesis

A

Drugs for herpes virus

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4
Q

Drugs for herpes virus that acts as a guanosine (nucleoside) analog. They inhibit viral DNA polymerase, which leads to the inhibition of viral DNA synthesis. It has selective action, so it only targets infected cells and has minimal effects on host cells. It is indicated for Herpes simplex and varicella zoster.

One drug is used for herpes zoster (shingles)

One drug has an AE of crystalluria that leads to AKI. To prevent this, plain NSS is infused

[thymidine kinase]

A

Acyclovir
Valacyclovir (prodrug of acyclovir with greater BA)
Penciclovir
Famciclovir (prodrug of penciclovir with greater BA)

Famciclovir

Aciclovir

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5
Q

Drugs for herpes virus that acts as a guanosine (nucleoside) analog. They inhibit viral DNA polymerase, which leads to the inhibition of viral DNA synthesis. It has lower selectivity, thus it can affect host cell. it is used for CMV and prophylaxis against CMV
AE: Pancytopenia

[UL97 kinase]

A

Ganciclovir
Valganciclovir (prodrug of ganciclovir with greater BA)

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6
Q

A drug for herpes virus that is a DNA/ RNA polymerase inhibitor and HIV transcriptase inhibitor which inhibits DNA synthesis. it does not require activation of viral kinases because it uses the host enzyme. It is used for ganciclovir-resistant CMV retinitis and acyclovir-resistant HSV

[mutated viral DNA polymerase]

A

Foscarnet

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7
Q

A drug for herpes virus that is a DNA polymerase inhibitor which inhibits DNA synthesis. it does not require activation of viral kinases because it uses the host enzyme. It is used for CMV retinitis and acyclovir-resistant HSV
AE: nephrotoxic (reduced with administration of probenecid and IV fluids)

[mutated viral DNA polymerase]

A

Cidofovir

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8
Q

They are drugs for hepatitis B that act as nucleoside analogs that inhibits the reverse transcription of RNA to DNA. They usually need phosphorylation to be activated.
AE: bone marrow suppression, mitochondrial toxicity, HIV-associate lipodystrophy, metabolic changes, buffalo lumps

A

NRTIs (nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)

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9
Q

NRTIs that are drugs for hepatitis B and are nucleotide (adenosine) analogs. They bind to the DNA polymerase which causes premature termination of DNA transcriptase
AE: nephrotoxic (Fanconi syndrome)

Unique drug that does not need phosphorylation to be activated

A

Tenofovir
Adefovir

Tenofovir

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10
Q

NRTIs that are drugs for hepatitis B and are nucleoside analogs. They inhibit the reverse transcriptase

A

Entecavir
Lamivudine
Telbivudine

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11
Q

They are drugs for hepatitis B that inhibits the reverse transcriptase but binds to the allosteric site. They do not need phosphorylation to be activated.
AE: hypersensitivity

One drug causes hepatotoxicity

One drug causes CNS toxicity

A

NNRTIs (non-nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Delavirdine

Nevirapine

Efavirenz

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12
Q

A drug for hepatitis C that is a guanosine analog (nucleoside inhibitor) that competitively inhibits IMP dehydrogenase, which leads to the prevention of synthesis of guanosine nucleosides. It is used for hepatitis C for all HIV genotype and RSV bronchitis
AE: Hemolytic anemia

A

Ribavirin

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13
Q

Drugs for hepatitis B and C that is antiviral and has immunomodulatory effect. They inhibit viral protein synthesis, promotes breakdown of viral RNA, and induces the increased expression of MHC class I molecules. They are used as monotherapy in acute hepatitis C and chronic active hepatitis B, and in combination in chronic hepatitis C
AE: Bone marrow suppression

A

Pegylated interferon-alpha
Interferon-alpha

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14
Q

A group of antiretrovirals used to inhibit the viral protease so that only immature virions are produced
SE: Hyperglycemia (due to inhibition of GLUT 4)

A

Protease inhibitors
Indinavir, Ritonavir, Nelfinavir, Lopinavir

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15
Q

A group of antiretrovirals used to inhibit the viral integrase

A

Integrase inhibitors
Raltegravir, Dolutegravir

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16
Q

A group of antiretrovirals that competitively binds to the viral proteingp41 and thereby prevents fusion with the cell

A

Fusion inhibitor
Enfuvirtide

17
Q

A group of antiretrovirals used to block the CCR5 coreceptor that is essential to cell infection for some HIV genotypes (R5 viruses)

A

CCR5-antagonist
Maraviroc

18
Q

DOC for influenza A

A

AMANTADINE
Rimantadine

19
Q

DOC for influenza A and B

A

OSELTAMIVIR
Zanamivir

20
Q

Alternative drug for herpes simplex

A

Foscarnet

21
Q

DOC for CMV

A

GANCICLOVIR
Valganciclovir

22
Q

Alternative for CMV

A

Foscarnet

23
Q

DOC for RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)

A

RIBAVIRIN

24
Q

DOC for varicella zoster

A

ACYCLOVIR
VALACYCLOVIR

25
Q

DOC for Hepatitis B

A

LAMIVUDINE
Interferon alpha

26
Q

DOC for hepatitis A, B, C

A

PEGYLATED INTERFERON ALPHA
INTERFERON ALPHA

27
Q

ADE for stavudine

A

NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or fatty liver)

28
Q

ADE for zidovudine

A

Bone marrow suppression

29
Q

ADE for Abacavir

A

Anaphylaxis/ hypersensitivity

30
Q

ADE for didanosine

A

Pancreatitis

31
Q

ADE for efavirenz

A

Teratogenicity, seizures, encephalitis

32
Q

ADE for protease inhibitors

A

Hyper GUL