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PTA > Pathophysiology - Metabolic/Endocrine > Flashcards

Pathophysiology - Metabolic/Endocrine Flashcards

test 2

1
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

Glands, clusters of specialized cells, hormones, target tissues

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2
Q

What system is working with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis and metabolic activity?

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

What is the endocrine responsible for?

A

hormone secretion, chemical transmission to the NS

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4
Q

What are the affected body functions of the endocrine system?

A

growth, development, energy metabolism, mm and adipose tissue, distribution, sexual development, fluid balance, inflammation, immune response

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5
Q

What is hormone secretion supported by?

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

T or F?
Endocrine system is a negative feedback mechanism

A

True

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7
Q

What is hyperpituitarism?

A

Abnormal increase of pituitary hormone affecting ones growth

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8
Q

What are the two types of hyperpituitarism?

A

Gigantism (before puberty)
Acromegaly (after puberty)

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9
Q

Hormones secreted in hyperpituitarism…

A

prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and growth hormone

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10
Q

What is the etiology of hyperpituitarism?

A

pituitary adenomas from the anterior lobe

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11
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of gigantism and acromegaly?

A

Gigantism - increased growth rate w/ slow mental & sexual development

Acromegaly - enlargement of small bones and soft tissues

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12
Q

How is hyperpituitarism diagnosed?

A

Physical examination, blood test w/high GH, TH, prolactin, tumor (MRI)

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13
Q

Treatment of hyperpituitarism?

A

Surgical removal of tumor if present

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14
Q

T or F?
Hyperpituitarism prognosis is good for both giantism and acromegaly

A

False, acromegaly differs - often shortens life span and can lead to other diseases

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15
Q

What is HYPOpituitarism (dwarfism)?

A

Decrease in pituitary activity

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16
Q

How does hyppituitarism affect ones development?

A

Abnormal or absence of secondary sexual characteristics, underdeveloped sexually and mentally

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17
Q

What are the two types of hypopituitarism caused by?

A

Complete loss of anterior lobe pituitary function
Primary: caused by pituitary disorders
Secondary: caused by hypothalamus disorders

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18
Q

What is the main etiology of hypopituitarism?

A

Benign pituitary tumor

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19
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of hypopituitarism?

A
  • Growth hormone deficiencies
  • Women: amenorrhea or infertility
  • Men: lower testosterone levels
  • Short stature
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20
Q

Treatment of hypopituitarism

A

Hormone replacement

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21
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Disturbance of water metabolism

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22
Q

What can diabetes insipidus lead to?

A

Excessive thirst, frequent urination, constipation, hypotension

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23
Q

What is the cause of diabetes inspidus?

A

Deficiency of ADH(vasopressin) release

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24
Q

What is the treatment of diabetes insipidus?

A

Vasopressin tablet or nasal spray; nephrogenic via increase of fluid intake

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25
Q

What is a simple goiter?

A

Enlarged thyroid gland

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26
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of a simple goiter?

A

neck bulge

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27
Q

What is the diagnosis of a simple goiter?

A

physical examination, T3 and T4 blood test, ultrasound, fine needle biopsy

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28
Q

T or F?
Simple goiters prognosis is poor and progressive

A

FALSE. Prognosis is good as long as the goiter does not restrict breathing/swallowing

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29
Q

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Chronic immune thyroiditis and lymphocytic thyroiditis where antibodies destroy the thyroid gland tissues

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30
Q

T or F?
Hashimoto’s is believed to be genetic

A

True

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31
Q

What is the tx of Hashimotos?

A

Thyroid hormone replacement, surgical excision, chemotherapy, radiation

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32
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Hashimotos?

A

Hypothyroidisms, weight gain, fatigue, mental apathy, cold sensitivity

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33
Q

T or F?
All Hashimotos has a good prognosis

A

False, mild has a good prognosis

34
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Excess T4 secretion of the thyroid gland

35
Q

What is graves disease?

A

In hyperthyroidism and occurs when thyroid gland is hypertrophied resulting in diffuse goiter

36
Q

T or F?
Graves Disease is autoimmune and genetically linked

A

True

37
Q

What is hyperthyroidisms clinical manifestation?

A

Increase in metabolic changes that lead to:
- tachycardia
- hypertension
- weight loss
- heat intolerance
- hair loss
- excessive thirst
- nervousness

38
Q

How do you diagnose hyperthyroidism?

A

Elevated T3 and T4 levels

39
Q

T or F?
Tx of hyperthyroidism is the reduction of thyroid hormones being secreted with beta blockers. If severe - radioactive iodine therapy

A

True

40
Q

What is HYPOthyroidism?

A

Not enough TSH that leads to low thyroid hormone levels

41
Q

Two types of hypothyroidism?

A

cretinism - infancy or early childhood
myxedema - older children and adults

42
Q

What is the cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Absence of T3 and T4, destruction of thyroid gland

43
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism?

A

Cretinism - mental and growth deficiencies, protruding abdomen
Myxedema - heavy periods, weight gain, cold intolerance, hair los, slurred speech, thick tongue

44
Q

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed and treated?

A
  • dx blood test, thyroid scan
  • tx thyroid hormone therapy
45
Q

What is thyroid storm?

A

Life threatening thyrotoxicosis

46
Q

What is the etiology of thyroid storm/cancer?

A

uncommon, genetical, radiation exposure

47
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of thyroid storm/cancer?

A

Hoarseness, Cushing syndrome, vocal cord paralysis, difficulty swallowing, cervical lymph adenopathy

48
Q

What is the thyroid storm/cancer tx?

A

removal of thyroid and nearby lymph nodes, T4 therapy

49
Q

T or F?
Thyroid cancer/storms prognosis depends on the size and age

A

True

50
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

overproduction of parathyroid hormone

51
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Decrease in PTH that leads to low blood calcium levels

52
Q

What is Cushing disease?

A

Pituitary form - excessive ACTH production

53
Q

What is the etiology of Cushing syndrome?

A

Pituitary or adrenal tumors developed after prolonged doses of cortisone

54
Q

How is cushing syndrome presented?

A

“Moon face”, “buffalo hump” on the upper back, poor wood healing, thin arms and legs w/ rounded abdomen, osteoporosis, hypertension

55
Q

What is the dx of cushing syndrome?

A

Dx: hypersecretion of cortisol, plasma levels of ACTH, tumor MRI

56
Q

What is the tx of cushing syndrome?

A

Surgical removal of tumor

57
Q

What is Addisons disease?

A

Adrenal hypofunction w/ deficiencies of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens

58
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Addisons Disease?

A

Fatigue, anorexia, GI complications, bronze skin, CV abnormalities, emotional distress

59
Q

How to diagnoses Addisons disease?

A

Low blood and urine cortisol levels

60
Q

Tx of Addisons Disease

A

Medication, increased fluid intake, hormone replacement

61
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Chronic metabolic disorder from hyperglycemia that is a result from lack of insulin

62
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus -

A

Absolute insulin insufficiency

63
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus -

A

Insulin resistance

64
Q

What are normal glucose levels?

A

60-100 mg/dl

65
Q

Who is effected the most by type 1 diabetes?

A

Children and young adults

66
Q

Who is effected the most by type 2 diabetes?

A

Pts typically obese and over 40 yo

67
Q

What is the risk factor in gestational diabetes?

A

Future occurrence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus for mother and infant

68
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, hyperglycemia, ketone formation in blood and urine, fatigue, neural tissue damage

69
Q

How is type 1 diabetes presented?

A

Slower breathing, fruity breath, sweating, light headed

70
Q

How is type 2 diabetes conrolled?

A

Through diet and exercise

71
Q

How to dx diabetes mellitus

A

fasting glucose, glucose tolerance test, hemoglobin A1c test

72
Q

How many times a day should type 1 diabetes be monitored?

A

4-5x

73
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

A

Insulin therapy/injections

74
Q

T or F?
Both types of diabetes mellitus prognosis are good

A

False - type 1 is poor because of the many complications that can happen

75
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Blood sugar level below 60 mg/dL

76
Q

T or F?
Hypoglycemia is more dangerous than hyperglycemia because the brain cannot store glucose but is needed to function

A

True

77
Q

What is the cause of hypoclycemia?

A

Excessive exercise, fasting, over administration of insulin, pancreatic ademona, GI disorder

78
Q

How is hypoglycemia presented?

A

Light headed, disphoresis (sweating)

79
Q

How to dx hypoglycemia?

A

Testing of glucose levels

80
Q

Tx of hypoglycemia

A

glucose tablets, orange juice, candy

PTA (21 decks)

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