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PTA > Pathophysiology - PVD/Amputations > Flashcards

Pathophysiology - PVD/Amputations Flashcards

test 2

1
Q

What controls the chemical and gas exchange between blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph?

A

blood and lymph capillaries

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2
Q

T or F?
High to low pressure arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

A

True

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3
Q

What are arteries job?

A

To carry rich oxygenated blood AWAY from heart

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4
Q

What are the layers of the integumentary system? (superficial to deep)

A

epidermis –> dermis –> hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

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5
Q

What is the epidermis function?

A

Protect from infection, assist heat regulation

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6
Q

What is the dermis function?

A

Deals with nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels

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7
Q

What is the hypodermis function?

A

Stabilize skin over muscles and organs
*not technically part of the integument

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8
Q

What is the inflammation stage in wound healing?

A
  • temporary repair
  • debris and bacteria are attacked
  • if interrupted can result in chronic inflammation
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9
Q

What is the maturation/remodeling stage in wound healing?

A
  • granulation tissue is forming
  • epithelial cells move to type 1 collagen
  • scar tissue matures
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10
Q

T or F?
Oxygen, moisture, and nutrition are all important for wound healing

A

True

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11
Q

What are the wound characteristics?

A

location, size, shape, edges, tunneling, base, peri wound area, pain, bacteria quantity

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12
Q

What is would closure’s primary intention?

A

Healthcare closes wound by bringing edges together

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13
Q

What is wound closures secondary intention?

A

Heal on its own

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14
Q

What is wound closures tertiary intention?

A

Tries to heal by secondary intention then closes by primary intention

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15
Q

What is PVD?

A

A disorder that interferes with arterial and venous blood flow of the extremities

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16
Q

What is arterial insufficiency and ulceration?

A

Lack of blood flow to region of the body

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17
Q

What can PVD arterial insufficiency and ulceration be related to?

A

Smoking, cardiac disease, diabetes, hypertension, renal disease, elevated cholesterol & triglycerides, obesity

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18
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Thickening, hardening, loss of elasticity of arterial walls

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19
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Damage of endothelial lining of vessels and formation of lipid deposits resulting in plaque formation

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20
Q

What is arteriosclerosis obliterans?

A

Intermittent claudication, most likely to lead to ulceration

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21
Q

What is thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger Disease)?

A

Inflammation leads to arterial occlusion and tissue ischemia
*found in young men who smoke

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22
Q

What is Raynaud’s disease?

A

Characterized by pallor and cyanosis of fingers

23
Q

What is ulceration?

A

Peripheral sign of a long-standing disease

24
Q

How is arterial insufficiency and ulceration presented?

A

Wounds, diabetes, tropic changes, cool skin, pain in legs and feet, decreased pulses

25
Q

What is venous insufficiency?

A

Inadequate drainage of venous blood from a body part

26
Q

What is chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)?

A

Venous insufficiency over long periods of time

27
Q

T or F?
Most people with PVD are diagnosed with CVI

A

True

28
Q

Where is CVI most common?

A

Leg ulcers

29
Q

How is venous insufficiency and ulceration presented?

A

Swelling, itching, fatigue, aching, skin change, dermis fibrosis, increased skin temp, wounds

30
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

Chronic and abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid in the tissue of one or more body regions

31
Q

What are the two types of lymphedema?

A

Primary - congenital
Secondary (more common) - injury from one of more lymphatic systems

32
Q

How is lymphedema presented?

A

Swelling to distal area that is impaired from the lymph system, fatigue, pressure, numbness, loss of ROM, impaired wound healing

33
Q

What causes a pressure injury?

A

Unrelieved pressure to the dermis and underlying vascular structures

34
Q

How long can the superficial dermis tolerate ischemia?

A

2-8 hrs

35
Q

How long can the deeper mm, connective tissue, fat tolerate pressure?

A

2 hours or less

36
Q

How are pressure injuries presented?

A

Blanchable erythema, increased skin temp, superficial abrasion, blister

37
Q

Where are pressure injuries usually found? (6)

A

Sacrum, coccyx, greater trochanter, ischial tuberosity, calcaneus, lateral malleous

38
Q

What is neuropathy?

A

Any disease that deals with nerves

39
Q

T or F?
Diabetes is the most common disease with neuropathy

A

True

40
Q

How is neuropathy presented?

A

Ulceration on weight bearing surfaces of foot, anesthetic, sensory neuropathy, motor neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, dysvascular symptoms

41
Q

What is the intervention of PVD and wound care?

A

Coordination, communication, documentation
*select least invasive methods

42
Q

What is the major cause of LE amputations?

A

PVD (peripheral vascular disease)

43
Q

What are other causes of amputations?

A

MVA, war, GSW, cancer, smoking

44
Q

What are the most common LE amputations?

A

Transtibial, transfemoral

45
Q

Less common LE amputations

A

hip disarticulations, syme’s (through the ankle jt), toe disarticulation

46
Q

T or F?
Surgeons try to maintain the greatest bone length and save the joints

A

True

47
Q

T or F?
80% of pts with amputations deal with phantom limb pain

A

True

48
Q

Where is phantom limb most common?

A

Upper limb amputations

49
Q

What are common complications of amputations?

A

Joint contractures and edema

50
Q

What is rigid dressing?

A
  • immediate post op prosthesis that is handmade by surgeon and not adjustable
  • removable rigid dressing that is plastic and adjustable as limb changes
51
Q

What is semirigid dressing?

A
  • controls edema
  • loosens easily
  • unna’s dressing with gauze impregnanted with compounds
  • superior to soft dressing
52
Q

What is soft dressing?

A
  • oldest method
  • elastic wrap
  • frequent rewrapping
53
Q

What is the focus on rehab for amputation patients?

A

Positioning, functional training, balance, gait, limb care, prosthetic training/preparation

PTA (21 decks)

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