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PTA > Patho - Final Review > Flashcards

Patho - Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

When do you expect to see spasticity in the muscle after a stroke has occurred?

A

After 24 hrs and then occurs opposite of the lesion

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2
Q

When do we expect to see flaccidity in the mm tone after a stroke has occurred?

A

Immediately after a stroke

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3
Q

What causes flaccidity in the mm tone post CVA (cerebral vascular accident)?

A

Happens because of cerebral shock

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4
Q

What does tetraplegia affect?

A

All four extremities and the trunk including respiratory mm

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5
Q

What does paraplegia affect?

A

All or part of the trunk and both lower extremities

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6
Q

What is paresis?

A

Partial loss of muscle function (weakness)

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7
Q

What is Gower’s sign and which dx does it go with?

A

Duchenne’s and it’s when children have to walk their hands up from the floor to stand

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8
Q

What is Duchenne’s Muscular dystrophy?

A

It is progressive, proximal muscle weakness recessive disorder due to degeneration of mm fibers

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9
Q

what are the signs of Duchenne’s?

A

Proximal mm weakness, enlarged calves, waddling gait, Gower’s sign, toe walking

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10
Q

What part of the body do upper motor neurons control?

A

Cerebral cortex and travel through the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

What are the common injuries that affects UMN (upper motor neurons)?

A

Bell’s Palsy, Cerebral Palsy, Stroke, MS

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12
Q

What parts of the body do LMN (lower motor neurons) affect

A

They innervate the mm and glands throughout the body

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13
Q

What are the injuries associated with the LMN?

A

Poliomyelitis, post-polio, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia graves, peripheral nerve injuries

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14
Q

What dx has bradykinesia?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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15
Q

What is chorea and what dx has it?

A

Involuntary, irregular, unpredictable mm movement, huntington’s chorea and cerebral palsy

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16
Q

What is the Homunculus man used for and what does it show?

A

Used for stroke dx and shows what body parts the stroke affects based on where the lesion is

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17
Q

What is a coup-contrecoup injury and what dx does it usually occur from?

A

When trauma hits the skull and the brain rebounds in another area. Usually associated with concussions and contusions

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18
Q

What is hemiparesis?

A

One sided weakness

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19
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

Axons degenerate distal to the lesion

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20
Q

When does Wallerian degeneration occur?

A

Occurs when the peripheral nerve is cut

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21
Q

In burns, which stage is when eschar occurs?

A

Full thickness burns

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22
Q

What is eschar?

A

Skin color that is black and dead

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23
Q

What is epilepsy caused by?

A

chronic brain disease caused by intermittent electrical activity

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24
Q

What are symptoms of epilepsy?

A

Recurring seizures, convulsions

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25
Q

Where in the spinal cord does paraplegia occur?

A

Lesions in thoracic, lumbar, or cauda equina

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26
Q

Where in the spinal cord does hemiplegia occur?

A

Above C6

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27
Q

What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A

Progressive autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and gliosis

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28
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of MS?

A

Intention tremor, double vision, paralysis, Lhermitte’s sign

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29
Q

How does Alzheimer’s occur?

A

The death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and commonly replaced by microscopic plaques

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30
Q

When is Alzheimer’s diagnosed?

A

Autopsy

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31
Q

What is Brown’s sequard syndrome defined by?

A

Hemisection of spinal cord due to penetration wounds

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32
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Brown’s Sequards syndrome defined by?

A

Ipsilateral side of lesion - paralysis and sensory loss, light touch, proprioception.
Contralateral side is loss of pain and temperature.

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33
Q

What is the anterior horn of gray matter associated with?

A

Motor signals

34
Q

What is causal equina syndrome associated with?

A

Incomplete transections in cauda equina portion of spinal cord.

35
Q

What are the symptoms of cauda equina syndrome?

A

Saddle anesthesia, areflexic bowel and bladder

36
Q

What is anterior cord syndrome?

A

Typically by compression and damage of anterior cord in cervical region

37
Q

What is the symptoms of anterior cord syndrome?

A

Loss of motor function, loss of sense of pain and temperature below level of lesion

38
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

Facial nerve paralysis

39
Q

What is adult respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Sudden and life threatening failure of one or both lungs. Increased RR and shallow breathing.

40
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Slow and progressive brain disorder

41
Q

What are the characteristics of Parkinson’s?

A

Progressive mm rigidity, akinesia, shuffled gait, slow speech, bent forward posture

42
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

mm weakness due to inadequate transmission of impulses from nerves to mm

43
Q

What are the sx of myasthenia gravis?

A

Facial paralysis, difficulty breathing, chewing or swallowing, fatigue, drooping head

44
Q

What dx is autonomic dysreflexia associated with?

A

Spinal cord injuries

45
Q

What causes autonomic dysreflexia?

A

Acute onset of autonomic activity from noxious stimuli below the level of lesion

46
Q

What do radial nerve injuries lead to?

A

Paralysis in posterior arm and forearm (extensor mm)

47
Q

What results from a traumatic brain injury?

A

Unconsciousness, amnesia, nausea, headache, increased cranial pressure, paralysis

48
Q

What is Huntington’s Chorea?

A

A genetic disease that has progressive brain deterioration, loss of mm control, chorea, personality changes, loss of memory

49
Q

What is a superficial burn characterized by?

A

Only affects epidermis, heals on its own with no blisters, 2-3 days healing, red skin

50
Q

What is a superficial partial thickness burn characterized by?

A

Epidermis and papillary dermis burn, epidermis destroyed, intact blisters, mod edema *7-10 days

51
Q

What is a deep partial thickness burn characterized by?

A

Epidermis destroyed, dermis damaged to reticular layer, mixed red or waxy color, marked edema, heavy scarring

52
Q

What is a full thickness burn characterized by?

A

Subcutaneous fat damage, eschar, hair follicles destroyed, wound is insinuate, skin grating required, no blanching

53
Q

What are subdermal burns characterized by?

A

Epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue destroyed, mm and bone are subject to necrosis

54
Q

What is an electrical burn characterized by?

A

Has an entrance and exit wound, can cause arrhythmias, follows path of least resistance

55
Q

What is the percentage in the rule of 9’s for adults?

A

Head - 4.5%
Arms - 4.5% ea. anterior and posterior
Abdomen - 18%
Legs - 9% each anterior and posterior

56
Q

What is a complete spinal cord injury?

A

No sensory or motor function in the lowest sacral segments with no sacral spearing

57
Q

What is an incomplete spinal cord injury?

A

Having motor and/or sensory function below the neurological level at S4 and S5, with presence of sacral sparing

58
Q

If there’s motor and sensory function below neurological level but no sacral sparing called?

A

Zones of partial preservation

59
Q

What are the spinal cord injuries qualifications?

A

Motor level is determined by testing strength of 10 key mm groups, sensory determined by level of reflexes from dermatones

60
Q

What is cerebral palsy and how does it occur?

A

It is congenital brain damage or lesions of the immature brain that causes a disorder of posture and movement

61
Q

Is cerebral palsy progressive or non-progressive?

A

Non-progressive

62
Q

What is staphylococcus aureus also called?

A

MRSA

63
Q

What is staphylococcus aureus?

A

Causes boils which begin in hair follicles and spread into dermis

64
Q

How is staphylococcus aureus transmitted?

A

Direct contact

65
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematous?

A

Butterfly shaped facial rash, often presents with joint inflammation and skin rashes. Disease is progressive.

66
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of ALS?

A

(degeneration of motor neurons) weight loss, weak and wasted mms, slurred speech, mm cramps, twitch in mm

67
Q

What is the prognosis of ALS?

A

Most pts die within 3 yrs

68
Q

What is heterotypic ossification and what causes it?

A

SCIs can cause heterotopic ossification, it is when there is bone formation in places that shouldn’t have bone

69
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Alveoli are damaged and enlarged. Loss of lung elasticity. Weight loss, shortness of breath, hyperinflation of lungs (barrel chest)

70
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Chronic productive cough and sputum production of longer than 3 mo. overweight, cyanotic

71
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Inherited disease that causes chronic lung disease, pancreatic insufficiency and GI problems

72
Q

What are the cystic fibrosis sx?

A

Chronic airway infection, thick respiratory secretions, sweat gland dysfunction, reproductive dysfunction

73
Q

What is the prognosis of cystic fibrosis?

A

Most pts don’t live past 37 y/o

74
Q

What is asthma?

A

Periodic episodes of severe bronchial obstruction in pts that have hypersensitive airways

75
Q

What is polio and what are the commons s&s?

A

A virus that can enter the GI tract and manifests in the spinal cord and destroys anterior horn cells. Involves paralysis, fever, and vomiting

76
Q

What are common locations of CVAs?

A

Anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, internal carotid artery, posterior cerebral artery

77
Q

Where is the most common location of a CVA?

A

Middle cerebral artery

78
Q

What are the symptoms of anterior cerebral artery syndrome?

A

Urinary incontinence, contralateral grasp reflex, contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss, greater in LE than UE

79
Q

What are the sx of middle cerebral artery syndrome?

A

Aphasia, perceptual deficits, contralateral spastic hemiparesis and sensory loss of face, UE more involved than LE

80
Q

What are the sx of internal carotid artery syndrome?

A

Massive infarction with significant edema, coma, death

PTA (21 decks)

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