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Jorge GIL > Salivary Glands and Swallowing > Flashcards

Salivary Glands and Swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

Label this diagram of a basic salivon

A
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2
Q

Describe the components of saliva

A
  • electrolytes
  • proteins
  • carbohydrate splitting enzyme (amylase)
  • desquamated cells from mucosa
  • lymphocytes
  • mucin (if mucous secreting gland)
  • 98-99% water
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3
Q

Why is bicarbonate ions important in ruminant saliva?

A

To buffer the ruminal acids

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4
Q

Where in the salivon is the primary secretion produced?

A

Epithelial cells within the acinus

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5
Q

Where is saliva modified after it is produced?

A

The ducts

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6
Q

Describe the modification of saliva in the ducts and what effects it

A
  • Na and Cl resorbed
  • HCO3 and K secreted into saliva
  • osmolarity depends on flow
  • faster flow = less time in ducts = less modification
  • slow flow = hypotonic
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7
Q

Describe basal striation of the striated duct and its other components in the salivary gland

A
  • infolding of the basal cell membrane -> high surface area
  • many mitochondria
  • Na/K-ATPase pump
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8
Q

Label the serous acini and the striated duct

A
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9
Q

Name the types of salivary cells and their secretion/role

A

Serous cells - watery secretion
Mucous cells - mucous secretion
Plasma cells - produce IgA (found around acini)
Myoepithelial cells - envelop each acinus

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10
Q

Name the different types of salivary ducts and their function

A

Intercalated ducts - secrete HCO3 and absorb Cl
Striated ducts - secrete K and absorb Na
Secretory ducts - convey saliva to the mouth

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11
Q

Label the cells and ducts of this mixed salivary gland

A
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12
Q

Name the functions of saliva (there is a lot)

A
  • Wetting agent/lubrication, moistens food bolus to aid mastication and swallowing
  • Lubricates oral mucosa
  • mechanical washing of surfaces of teeth and mucosa to remove food, debris, microbes
  • protective role via antimicrobial effect through enzymes, immunoglobulins
  • antifungal and antiviral activity
  • water solubkle food components dissolve in saliva
  • enzyme action (amylase)
  • buffering (in rumen and orally)
  • phosphate buffer and aid to microbial growth to enable digestion
  • hydroxyapatite in salive provides Ca ions to maintain enamel
  • urea/ammonia in ruminants’ saliva returns to the rumen (protein recycling)
  • thermoregulation in dogs and cars
  • anti-foaming: salivary mucoproteins act with other agents to increase surface tension, frothy bloat can occur if absent
  • peroxide-base antibacterial system: potassium thiocyanate in saliva is oxidised to form hypothiocyanate which it toxic to bacteria
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13
Q

What is pyalism

A

Hypersalivation

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14
Q

Describe the regulation of saliva production

A

Sympathetic NS: viscous, amylase, more protein, low volume
Parasympathetic NS: water, high volume, increase flow in response to taste, visual and olfactory stimuli, continuous basal flow

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15
Q

What stimulates salivation in a ruminants diet

A

the presense of long fibre e.g., grass, hay, in the reticulum near the cardia

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Describe the parasympathetic pathway in saliva production

A

Parasympathetic supply travels along the trigeminal nerves

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18
Q

Name the different salivary glands

A

Parotid
Mandibular
Sublingual (mono and polystomatic)
Zygomatic
Buccal
Palatine
Gustatory (on the tongue)

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19
Q

Label the salivary glands and ducts

A
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20
Q

Describe the location, shape and secretion of the parotid gland

A
  • ventral to base of ear
  • V-shaped in carnivores (fits around auricular cartilage)
  • C-shaped in herbivores (fits against caudal border of mandibular vertical ramus)
  • Mixed serous/mucus saliva
  • single duct
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21
Q

Clinical relevance of the parotid gland and horses on new grass

A

Becomes swollen
parotiditis

22
Q

Describe the route of the parotid duct

A

Runs from craniomedial surface of gland across the masseter muscle
Opens in the upper buccal area by the maxillary fourth premolar (upper carnassial)

23
Q

When does the parotid gland secrete saliva in ruminants

A

spontaneously when distal oesophagus/reticulum is mechanically stimulated

24
Q

Label the parotid gland histology

A
25
Q

Which species have a zygomatic gland?

A

Dogs and cats

26
Q

What salivary gland is this?

A

Zygomatic

27
Q

Where does the zygomatic duct open?

A

in upper buccal mucosa opposite the upper first molar - often seen as a ridge with red dots

28
Q

What are the 2 parts of the sublingual glands

A

Polystomatic (‘many holes’) part
Monostomatic (‘one hokle’) part

29
Q

Describe the monostomatic part of the sublingual glands

A

has a long sublingual salivary duct which runs next to the mandibular salivary ducts and opens with it at the sublingual caruncle

30
Q

Describe the polystomatic part of the sublingual gland

A

comprises of 6-12 lobules with independent short salivary ducts opening sublingually near the frenulum.
Mucus secretions mainly

31
Q

Where does the mandibular duct open

A

sublingual caruncle at base of linguinal frenulum

32
Q

What type of saliva is produced from the mandibular gland

A

Mixed mucus/serous
Can alternate

33
Q

Describe the connection between the mandibular and sublingual glands

A

Connective tissue capsule shared between monostomatic portion and mandibular gland
Mandibular and monostomatic part open into same place (sublingual caruncle)
In about 30% of dogs the mandibular and sublingual ducts merge

34
Q

Name the extrinsic muscles linked with tongue function

A

Geniohyoideus
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Mylohyoideus

35
Q

Name the extra muscles that assist in swallowing

A

sternohyoideus
sternothyroideus
thyrohyoideus

36
Q

Label the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
37
Q

Describe the function of the tongue

A

Prehension
Food capture
Moves food over teeth
Prepares bolus for swallowing
Catches ruminal bolus during cudding
carries taste buds
suckling in neonatal mammals

38
Q

Label the hyoid apparatus (dogs and cats)

A
39
Q

Describe the function of the hyoid apparatus

A

Acts as a series of levers for muscle action
Keeps larynx in correct alignment
Anchor for tongue
Designs related to prehension and swallowing

40
Q

Describe the mechanosense/touch (GSA) sensory nerve supply to the mouth

A

Lower jaw/tongue/gingiva/buccal mucosa/teeth : V3 ( mandibular)
Upper jaw/gingiva/mucosa/teeth: V2 (maxillary)
Pharynx/larynx: IX/X (glossopharyngeal/vagus)

41
Q

Describe the chemosense/taste (SVA) sensory nerve supply to the mouth

A

Rostral 2/3 of tongue: VII/V3 (facial/mandibular)
Caudal 1/3 of tongue: IX (glossopharyngeal)
Caudal pharynx and larynx: X (vagus)

42
Q

Describe the motor nerve supplies of the Masticatory muscles

A

Masticatory muscles (mylohyoiudeus and pterygoideus): V3 trigeminal

43
Q

Describe the motor nerve supplies of jaw opening

A

Jaw opening (digastricus): rostral portion is V3, caudal portion is VII (facial)

44
Q

Describe the motor nerve supplies of swallowing

A

Swallowing (muscles of pharynx, hyoids and larynx): IX and X (glossopharyngeal and facial)

45
Q

Describe the motor nerve supplies of the intrinsic tongue muscles

A

Intrinsic tongue muscles: XII (hypoglossal)

46
Q

Name the striated muscles involved in constricting and shortening the pharyngeal wall

A

Rostral - palatopharyngeus
Middle - hyopharyngeus
Caudal - thyropharyngeus

47
Q

Name the striated muscle involved in dilation of the pharyngeal wall

A

Stylopharyngeus caudalis

48
Q

Which nerves innervate the muscles that control the pharyngeal wall

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)

49
Q

What part of the mammals anatomy allows it to suckle and breath at the same time?

A

Hard palate

50
Q

Name the 3 seals in a mammals mouth

A

Lips
Tongue against soft palate
Soft palate against epiglottis

51
Q

Describe the 3 stages of swallowing

A

1st stage:
- tongue moves food around
- masticated food + saliva -> bolus
- up and back between fauces to pharynx

2nd stage:
- soft palate elevated -> closes posterior nares
- epiglottis covers larynx and trachea (breathing suspended)

3rd stage:
- oesophagus dilates
- bolus passes up and over larynx into oesophagus
- oesophagus recloses and epiglottis uncovers trachea
- bolus moves down oesophagus into stomach

52
Q

Describe what is different about the mouth anatomy of chinchillas and guinea pigs and its clinical relevance`

A

Palatal ostium:
soft palate almost seals off the oropharynx from the naso and laryngopharynx
small hole (ostium) remains
This makes intubation almost impossible

Jorge GIL (99 decks)

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