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Jorge GIL > Minerals and vitamins > Flashcards

Minerals and vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sources of vitamins and minerals in the diet?

A

Minerals come from inorganic (‘ash’) fraction
Vitamins are organic

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2
Q

what vitamins are essential in ruminant diet?

A

A
D
E
(K and B are required by are synthesised by rumen)

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3
Q

What is pica?

A

behavioural disorder where the animal eats non-food items

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4
Q

What are macro and micro/trace elements?

A

Micro/trace elements:
- essential nutrients required in small amounts
Macro elements:
- essential nutrients required in large amounts

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5
Q

What are the essential microminerals?

A

Iron
Copper
Zinc
Manganese
Selenium
Cobalt
Iodine

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6
Q

What are the essential macrominerals?

A

calcium
phosphorous
magnesium
potassium
sodium and chloride
Sulphur

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7
Q

why are ruminants more likely to suffer mineral probelms?

A

rumen is not optimised for digesting minerals

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8
Q

What is the effects of high calcium on other macrominerals?

A

Increased uptake of molydenum
Lowered manganese, zinc, copper and cobalt
Reduced magnesium absorption

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9
Q

What is the impact of phosphorous in excess of calcium?

A

inhibits absorption of calcium
ideal Ca:P = 2:1

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10
Q

What is the impact of high dietary potassium on other macrominerals?

A

inhibits magnesium absorption

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11
Q

What is the interaction between high dietary cations (esp. K and Na) on other macrominerals

A

inhibits calcium mobilisation

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12
Q

What is the interaction between high dietary sulphur and other macrominerals?

A

inhibits absorption of selenium

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13
Q

What is the micromineral interaction between iron and manganese?

A

Iron reduced manganese availability

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14
Q

What is the effect of selenium deficiency on other microminerals?

A

=> iodine deficiency

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15
Q

Describe copper interactions in the ruminant

A

Sulphur and molydenum form thiomolybdate => attract copper, making it unavailable (secondary deficiency/ ‘lock up’)

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16
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble and fat soluble?

A

Water soluble:
C, B
Fat soluble:
A, D, E, K

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17
Q

Describe the effect of sulphur toxicity and vitamin B1 deficiency in ruminants

A

Elevated rumen sulphide conc (from diet) destroys microbial B1 (thiamine)
Functional B1 production halted by increased thiaminase-producing bacteria
B1 deficiency disrupts enzymes in energy metabolism pathways
Damages superficial brain tissue due to altered glucose metabolism
=> blindness, mal-coordination, lethargy, seizures

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18
Q

Describe vitamin B12 synthesis

A

Rumen microbes synthesise B12 from dietary cobalt
B12 absorbed in intestine, transferred, to blood, stored in liver and muscles or secreted in milk

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19
Q

Describe the mineral audit

A
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20
Q

What do the samples collected from the animal in a mineral audit indicate?

A

Concentrations in blood used to detect deficiencies
Enzyme functions used for microminerals at marginal or normal concs
Liver concentrations show accumulation and depletion
Urine can show dietary supply or excess

21
Q

What is the role of calcium and the signs of a calcium deficiency?

A

skeletal formation, milk production, nerve function

Tremors close to birthing
Depressed and abnormal growth in young stock
Weak bones
Spontaneous fractures

22
Q

What is the function of phosphorous and signs of its deficiency?

A

Skeletal formation, energy utilisation and metabolism

Reduced growth, decreased appetite, reduced milk production, fragile bones (osteomalacia)

23
Q

what is Mg used for and what are the signs of its deficiency?

A

muscle control, nerve function, enzymatic function

anorexia, decreased feed intake, un-coordinated movement, muscle twitching

24
Q

What is the function of Fe and the signs of its toxicity

A

Blood cell formation and enzyme activity

inhibits copper absorption, bacterial infection, diarrhoea, reduced feed intake, weight gain

25
Q

What is the function of Cu and the signs of its deficiency

A

Enzyme systems, respiration, fertility

anaemia, fragile bones, infertility, delayed oestrus, reduced immune function, neonatal ataxia, hair and pigmentation loss, ill-thrift

26
Q

What are the signs of copper toxicity

A

haemolytic crisis (jaundice, haematuria)

27
Q

What are the functions of Co and the signs of its deficiency

A

Vit B12 production

B12 deficiency, poor immune function, pale skin and mucosa, ill-thrift

28
Q

What are the function of selenium and the signs of its deficiency

A

Antioxidant

White muscle disease (wasting), poor repro performance, ill thrift, stiff gait, weak calves

29
Q

What is the function of iodine and the signs of its deficiency

A

metabolism

Goiter, reduced fertility, hairless calves

30
Q

What are the signs of lead toxicity?

A

anorexia, rumen stasis, colic, constipation followed by diarrhoea
If severe poisoning: neurological signs, blindness, head pressing, loss of co-ordination

31
Q

what is the role of vitamin A and the signs of its deficiency

A

vision, bone growth, immunity, maintenance of epithelial tissue

night blindness, poor growth, poor coats, suppressed immunity, retained placenta, impaired fertility

32
Q

What is the function of Vit d and the signs of its deficiency?

A

Ca and P metabolism, immune function

soft, porous, poorly developed bones (rickets)
inappetence, decreased growth, stiff gait, stillborn and deformed calves

33
Q

What is the function of vitamin E and the signs of its deficiency

A

antioxidant, immune function and development, muscle growth

Poor immune status, muscular myopathy, white muscle disease

34
Q

what is the function of vit K and what are the signs of its deficiency

A

blood clotting factors

poor blood clotting, internal bleeding, haemotoma

35
Q

What are the risk factors of vit k deficiency?

A

mouldy silage

36
Q

what are the risk factors of vit E deficiency

A

youngstock
drought
lack of green pasture

37
Q

what are the risk factors of vit D deficiency

A

youngstock
year round housing
heavy coted, thick wooled and dark pigmented animals

38
Q

what are the risk factors of vit A deficiencyt

A

youngstock
pasture in drought
lack of green pasture at parturition
breed
stress

39
Q

what are the risk factors of lead toxicity

A

contact with lead-containing objects or ingestion of lead contaminated soil

40
Q

what are the risk factors of iodine deficiency

A

low iodine during gestation
goitrogens in feed
high rainfall

41
Q

what are the risk factors of selenium deficiency

A

youngstock
high rainfall
lush pasture
phosphate fertiliser
clover-based sward

42
Q

what are the risk factors of cobalt deficiency

A

youngstock
lush grazing
dry weather

43
Q

what are the risk factors of copper toxicity

A

stressors
illness
common in sheep

44
Q

what are the risk factors of copper deficiency

A

low pasture Cu
high levels of antagonists in diet

45
Q

what are the risk factors of iron toxicity

A

high Fe pastures
soil contamination of silages

46
Q

what are the risk factors of Mg deficiency

A

high K or N (fertiliseed pasture)
Spring grass
Cold snaps
stress

47
Q

what are the risk factors of phosphorous deficiency

A

older mothers
mature pastures
AI contamination
low soil phosphorous

48
Q

what are the risk factors of Ca deficiency

A

older mothers
reduced dry matter intake
low Mg, high P, low Ca feeds

Jorge GIL (99 decks)

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