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Geography > Urban Challenges And Opportunities (part 1) > Flashcards

Urban Challenges And Opportunities (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What does urban relate to?

A

Relating to a town or city

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2
Q

What does rural refer to?

A

Relating to the countryside

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3
Q

What percent of the worlds population was urban in
-1950
-2014
-2050?

A

30%
54%
66%

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4
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The process in which an increasing percentage of people come to live in towns and cities

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5
Q

Summarise the different trends in urbanisation between HICs and LICs?

A

HICs have had high rates of urbanisation but it has stopped growing and stabilised.
LICs have previously had low rates of urbanisation but it now shows greater growth of urbanisation.

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6
Q

What is a mega city?

A

An urban area that has more than 10 million people.

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7
Q

How many mega cities were there in 2015?

A

28

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8
Q

Where is the largest growth of mega cities expected to be?

A

Asia and Africa, LICs

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9
Q

HICs have urban planning populations over __%

A

90

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10
Q

LICs have urban populations below __%

A

50

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11
Q

NEEs have __________

A

High rates of urbanisation

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12
Q

What are the 2 main causes for urban growth?

A

Rural to urban migration
Natural increase

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13
Q

What is a push factor?

A

Something that encourages people to leave from a place

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14
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Something that encourages people to move to a place

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15
Q

What are some social push factors?

A

-Poor harvests resulting in shortages of food.
-limited services
-poor transport infrastructure

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16
Q

What are some economic and environmental push factors?

A

-limited opportunities for well paid employment

-issues associated with climate change (desertification, soil erosion, floods, droughts)

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17
Q

What are some economic pull factors?

A

-prospects of better paid employment
-large market for goods and services

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18
Q

What are some social pull factors?

A

-better schools and health care provisions
-better public transport facilities and access to services
-friends and family already living in urban areas, encouraged to join them

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19
Q

What is natural increase?

A

When birth rate is higher than death rate

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20
Q

What is birth and death rate?

A

Birth- number of live births per 1000 people
Death- number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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21
Q

What age are new migrants to a city likely to be?

A

18-35

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22
Q

Why does having young migrants mean population increases?

A

They have children meaning there is a higher birth rate meaning population becomes ever more youthful

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23
Q

What is quality of life?

A

General well-being of individuals and societies. Qualitative- not easily measured.

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24
Q

What is standard of living based on?

A

Based on income, buying capacity, level of wealth and comfort

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25
Q

What is percentage access to piped water in urban and rural Nigeria?

A

60% urban
39% rural

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26
Q

What is percentage access to the electrical grid? in urban and rural Nigeria?

A

99% urban
84% rural

27
Q

What is percentage access to sewage systems in urban and rural Nigeria?

A

76% urban
65% rural

28
Q

What is an opportunity?

A

A set of circumstances that can lead to improvement

29
Q

What are challenges?

A

Situations that test peoples abilities to cope successfully

30
Q

Where is Lagos located?

A

Above the equator
By the coast
In Nigeria (borders 4 countries)
By Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Guinea

31
Q

Why is Lagos important regionally?

A

Provides schools, unis, hospitals as well as opportunities for employment, leisure and recreation.
There is a thriving arts and cultural scene in Lagos.

32
Q

Why is Lagos important nationally?

A

-financial centre (banks and financial institutions)
-media centre (centre of Nigerias film industry)

33
Q

How much of Nigeria’s imports and exports pass through Lagos docks?

A

80% imports
70% exports

34
Q

How much of Nigerias industry is located in Lagos and how much of Nigerias GDP does it generate?

A

80% industry
25% GDP

35
Q

What is Lagos’ importance internationally?

A

-Lagos is ICT centre of West Africa
-transport hub
-venue for sporting events

36
Q

What is inequality?

A

The unequal access to healthcare, work or lifestyle presented to people based on factors they cannot control.

37
Q

What is Lagos population?

A

18 million

38
Q

How much waste is produced in Lagos per day?

A

10 000 tonnes

39
Q

What is Lagos growth rate?

A

600 000 per year

40
Q

What is Lagos GDP?

A

£18 billion per year

41
Q

What is the reason for the growth rate in Lagos?

A

Large families (tradition)
Better healthcare (lower mortality rate)
Job prospects for young people so they move there and have kids
No family planning

42
Q

What are some push factors specific to Nigeria?

A

-1/4 million children are suffering from malnutrition
-Boko Haram (2.5 million displaced)
-low quality housing

43
Q

What are some opportunities in Lagos?

A

-large market (growing informal economy)
-better access to health and education
-electricity supply

44
Q

What are some challenges in Lagos?

A

-job competition
-overcrowded
-congestion
-large amounts of waste produced
-poor exploited

45
Q

What percent has
-life expectancy
-number of school years
-GNI per capita
increased from 1990to 2015?

A

14.1%
34.3%
111.5%

46
Q

What are the 3 main problems in Lagos?

A

Power
Congestion
Growth of slum housing

47
Q

What is the issue caused by power and what is its impact?

A

Not reliable, goes off every day
Businesses can’t function, families in darkness

48
Q

What is the impact of congestion?

A

Time wasted
Poor road quality

49
Q

What are the issues with slum housing?

A

Fishermen but polluted water
No drains
Poor sanitation

50
Q

What are the positives of Eko Atlantic?

A

Reclaim land lost to sea. Financial hub. Modern luxury homes. Employment.

51
Q

Why are people living in slums at risk?

A

Waterfront and first thing people see so government clears it.

52
Q

What are some challenges caused by Eko Atlantic?

A

Inequality gap widens
Evictions

53
Q

How many people are in regular employment at Olusosun dump?

A

5000

54
Q

How many tonnes of rubbish are saved?

A

3000

55
Q

What are the advantages of the informal sector?

A

Not taxed
Work for yourself
Provides jobs for people who may not have education
Find solutions to problems

56
Q

What are disadvantages of the informal sector?

A

No official protection
Little job security
No laws on minimum wage
Difficult to improve SoL
Unsafe working conditions

57
Q

What are the advantages of the formal sector?

A

Pays more, more reliable
Contract
Recognised
Workers rights
Tax paying
Potential for promotion

58
Q

What are the disadvantages of the formal sector?

A

Limited jobs
Harder to get
May need to commute
Not reachable for migrants
Specific skills may be required

59
Q

What are the 5 methods of improving conditions of the urban poor?

A

Poorest help themselves
Government demolition
Sanitation day
Traffic management schemes
Floating urbanism

60
Q

What are the effects of the government demolishing slums?

A

Creates chaos, people create other slums
People killed during demolition

61
Q

What is sanitation day?

A

Once a month people stay home and fix neighbourhood.
No congestion- less air pollution
Helps remove littering

62
Q

What are some improvements made to manage traffic?

A

CCTV
New railway lines
New bus lanes
Water transport: safer, dredging so bigger boats, reduce traffic on roads

63
Q

Describe the features of the floating school in Makoko.

A

Addresses problem of flooding
Multipurpose (for community)
Solar panels on roof
Protects from rain

Geography (16 decks)

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